穨Review. Pdf

TABLE OF CONTENTS 
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ............................................................................................i 
ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................iii 
TABLE OF CONTENTS .............................................................................................v 
LIST OF TABLES ......................................................................................................ix 
LIST OF FIGURES ....................................................................................................xi 
CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION .........................................................................1 
1.1 Problems of EFL Teaching in Taiwan..........................................................2 
1.2 Purposes of the Study...................................................................................4 
1.3 Perspectives of the Study.............................................................................5 
1.4 Definition of Terms ......................................................................................6 
1.4.1 Oral Communicative Competence ........................................................6 
1.4.2 Cooperative Learning............................................................................6 
1.4.3 Traditional Teaching .............................................................................7 
1.4.4 Nine-Year Joint Curriculum..................................................................7 
1.4.5 High/Low Achievers .............................................................................7 
1.5 Organization of the Dissertation ..................................................................7 
CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW AND THEORETICAL 
FRAMEWORK............................................................................................................8 
2.1 Communicative Approach Revisited in Education Reform.........................8 
2.1.1 Development of Communicative Competence .....................................9 
2.1.1.2 Hymes’ Contribution to Communicative Language Teaching.......9 
2.1.1.3 Canale & Swain’s Model .............................................................10 
2.1.1.4 Savignon’s Definition .................................................................. 11 
2.1.2 Pedagogical Implications of Communicative Approach ....................12 
2.1.2.1 Appropriateness vs. grammaticality.............................................12 
2.1.2.2 Fluency vs. accuracy ....................................................................14 
2.1.2.3 Active participation vs. passive reception....................................16 
2.1.3 Communicative Language Teaching and Cooperative Learning ........16 
2.1.4 Cooperative Learning vs. Group Learning .........................................17 
2.1.5 Learning Pyramid................................................................................18 
2.2 Cooperative Learning and Language Acquisition .....................................20 
2.2.1 Input ....................................................................................................21 
2.2.2 Output .................................................................................................22 
2.2.3 Context ................................................................................................24 

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2.3 Theories Underlying Cooperative Learning ..............................................26 
2.3.1 The Vygotskian Perspective ................................................................26 
2.3.2 The Piagetian Perspective ...................................................................27 
2.3.3 Bandura’s Social Learning Theory .....................................................28 
2.3.4 Constructivism ....................................................................................29 
2.4 Elements of Cooperative Learning ............................................................30 
2.4.1 Positive Interdependence ....................................................................31 
2.4.2 Individual Accountability ...................................................................32 
2.4.3 Quality of Group Interaction Process..................................................33 
2.4.4 Teaching Interpersonal and Small Group Skills .................................33 
2.4.5 Teaching of the Social Skills...............................................................34 
2.5 Cooperative Learning Methods..................................................................35 
2.5.1 Three-Step Interview...........................................................................36 
2.5.2 Inside-Outside Circle ..........................................................................36 
2.5.3 Learning Together ...............................................................................37 
2.5.4 Student-Team Achievement Division .................................................38 
2.6 Limitations of Cooperative Learning.........................................................40 
2.7 Research Findings on Cooperative Learning in EFL Teaching in Taiwan 42 
2.7.1 Language Development ......................................................................42 
2.7.2 Social Development ............................................................................44 
2.7.3 Affective Development .......................................................................45 
2.8 Rationale of the Present Study...................................................................47 
2.8.1 Teacher Development .........................................................................47 
2.8.2 Communicative Competence ..............................................................48 
2.8.2.1 Verbal Features of Communicative Competence .........................49 
2.8.2.2 Non-verbal Features of Communicative Competence .................51 
2.8.3 Motivation...........................................................................................53 
2.8.4 High vs. Low Achievers......................................................................54 
2.9 Conclusion .................................................................................................54