Saint-petersburg state university russian academy of sciences joint institute for nuclear research
ACTIVATION OF NUCLEAR ISOMERIC STATES
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- NUCLEAR-OPTICAL TECHNOLOGIES OF THE NEW GENERATION
- THE BOHR-WEISSKOPF EFFECT IN THE HYPERFINE SPLITTING AND THE NUCLEAR STRUCTURE
- PROBABILITY OF THE SINGLE-QUANTUM ANNIHILATION OF POSITRONS AVERAGED OVER ATOMIC ELECTRONS
- UNUSUAL TEMPERATURE DEPENDENCE OF THE HEAT CAPACITY AT SMALL PAIRING STRENGTHS
- ON THE POSSIBLE PRESENCE OF NEUTRAL (ANTI)LEPTONS OF ALL GENERATIONS IN THE SOLAR NEUTRINO FLUX
- STANDARD LENTONS AND NEXT LEPTON IN THEORY OF BYUON
- DIRAC MATRICES AS ELEMENTS OF SUPERALGEBRAIC MATRIX ALGEBRA
ACTIVATION OF NUCLEAR ISOMERIC STATES BY SYNCHROTRON RADIATION Kopytin I.V., Kornev A.S., al-Omari M.A. Voronezh State University, Voronezh, Russia E-mail: i-kopytin@yandex.ru The excitation probability of nuclear isomeric states in nuclei with two low- laying excited states by a synchrotron radiation is calculated. The lower one is an isomeric state having the energy, E * , and the total spin, J * . The higher one is an excited state with the energy less than 250 keV. Besides, the total spin, J, of this state is such that the electromagnetic transitions of the low multipolarity to the ground state and to the isomeric state are allowed. Radiation from the synchrotron of the third generation (Spring-8, Japan) is considered [1]. This synchrotron produces electromagnetic waves with the photon energies up to 300 keV. Such radiant energy range assumes a research of the direct effect of the radiation onto characteristics of the nuclear states. In addition, the synchrotrons of the third generation produce a high-intensity radiation of the frequency continuous spectrum (from a wiggler) or even a higher-intensity radiation of the quasi-discrete frequency spectrum (from a magnetic undulator). Our model includes the resonant transition from the ground state of the nucleus under consideration to the second excited state and then the natural electromagnetic transition from this state to the isomeric one. This transition involves spontaneous component and induced component. The time dynamics of the energy level population in the synchrotron radiation field is estimated from a set the kinetic equations. Nuclei with the reliable values of the experimental characteristics are investigated. These are 58 Co, 94 Nb, 96 Tc, 144 Pr, 169 Lu, 171 Lu 191 Os, and 235 U. The rates of the excitation processes of the nuclear isomeric states are calculated by using the well-known form of the electromagnetic spectra of the Spring-8 synchrotron (from the wiggler) [1]. It is obtained that the values of nucleus yields in the isomeric states are in the (10 4 –10 8 ) s –1 range. Only 169 Lu and 171 Lu isotopes with very small energies of the 5/2 ‒ →1/2 ‒ transitions, when the probability of conversion process is large, are the exception. In these cases the yields of the isomeric state excitations are 0.66 s –1 and 0.54 s –1 , respectively. For 58 Co and 144 Pr nuclei the experimental widths of the radiation transitions are known from experiments. The rates of the excitation processes of the isomeric states calculated by using these widths differ from those obtained with the single-particle widths by less than an order of the magnitude. 1. http://www.spring8.or.jp 153 NUCLEAR-OPTICAL TECHNOLOGIES OF THE NEW GENERATION Karpeshin F.F. 1 , Trzhaskovskaya M.B. 2 1 D.I. Mendeleyev Institute for Metrology, Saint-Petersburg, Russia; 2 PNPI Kurchatov center, Gatchina, Russia E-mail: fkarpeshin@gmail.com Of great interest are nuclides, in which there are excited state with extremely low energies, within the scale of e few eV or keV [1]: 201 Hg, 189 Os, 237 Np, 235 U, 229 Th and other nuclides. Such levels are isomeric owing to small their energies. They effectively mix up with close atomic levels, forming resonances in the optical domain [2]. This gives the chance to operate with the lifetimes of these isomers in a resonant field of laser radiation. Unlike the atomic spectra, the nuclear lines are stable against influence of external fields and environment. They possess rather narrow widths. These advantages do their use attractive in many aspects, including creation of reference points of frequency in the optical range. This gives basis for development new nuclear technologies, founded on application of lasers for mastering nuclear processes. From such standpoint, one of the most perspective looks 229 Th, in which nucleus the splitting of the basic and excited levels is minimum and makes less than 10 эВ [3]. There are projects of creation of an atomic clock on this transition with an uncertainty within 10 –21 [4]. Topical issues of study of this isomer are considered: experimental determination of exact energy of this isomer and optical pumping the isomeric atoms through one- and two-photon absorbgtion. It is shown that in both cases the decisive contribution occurs still from the resonant 8s–7s electronic transition. Details of the optimum scheme of experiment in neutral atoms and ions are discussed. Estimated time of the two-photon pumping in single ions of 229 Th II makes about 1.5 s with at intensity of the fields of each laser of 1 V/cm. 1. G.T.Emery // Annu. Rev. Nucl. Sci. 1972. V.22. P.105. 2. F.F.Karpeshin. Fission in muonic atoms and the resonance conversion. Saint-Petersburg, Nauka: 2006. 3. S.L.Sakharov // Yad. Fiz. 2010. V.73. P.3; Phys. Atom. Nucl. 2010. V.73. P.1. 4. E.Peik, Chr.Tamm // Europhys. Lett. 2003. V.61. P.181. 154 THE BOHR-WEISSKOPF EFFECT IN THE HYPERFINE SPLITTING AND THE NUCLEAR STRUCTURE Karpeshin F.F. 1 , Trzhaskovskaya M.B. 2 1 D.I. Mendeleyev Institute for Metrology, Saint-Petersburg, Russia; 2 PNPI Kurchatov center, Gatchina, Russia E-mail: fkarpeshin@gmail.com For twenty years research into the anomalies in the hyperfine spectra was going in a wrong direction, based on fighting the Bohr-Weisskopf effect. This effect in the hyperfine structure is defined as arising due to distribution of the nuclear magnetization over the finite nuclear size. As way out, we propose the constructive model-independent way, allowing one to extract information about the nuclear structure from the data. The way is based on analogy of hyperfine splitting to internal conversion coefficients, and the Bohr-Weisskopf effect ― to the anomalies in the internal conversion coefficients. It is shown that the parameters which can be extracted from the data are the even nuclear moments of the magnetization distribution. The method enables the nuclear moments to be determined, only if the higher QED effects are properly taken into account. Therefore, the proposed method offers a strict test of both QED and atomic calculations, on one hand, and experimental data – on the other hand. Experimental recommendations are given, aimed at retrieving data on the HFS values for a set of few-electron configurations of various atoms. The radii R 2 and, for the first time, R 4 are obtained in this way by experiment fit of the HFS values for the H- and Li-like ions of 209 Bi. The momenta radii determined as a result of experiment fit are R 2 = 6.12 fm, and R 4 = 6.78 fm. The critical prediction is made concerning the HFS for the 2p 1/2 -state: 0.25753 eV. 155 PROBABILITY OF THE SINGLE-QUANTUM ANNIHILATION OF POSITRONS AVERAGED OVER ATOMIC ELECTRONS Fedotkin S.N. Institute for Nuclear Research, Kiev, Ukraine E-mail: sfedot@kinr.kiev.ua The processes of positron – atomic electron annihilation studied well enough [1]. In some cases the necessity to find the total probability of the process of positron annihilation with electrons of the different atomic shells is appears. In this case the probability of annihilation for each electron is calculated and then summarize these probabilities. The more simple method is suggested instead of this laborious work. This method enables to calculate approximately the probability of the single-photon annihilation of positron averaged over all atomic electrons. The statistical Thomas-Fermi method is used for that. In this method the averaged atomic electron density is calculated as function of coordinate. Usually this density is used for calculation of the atomic energy of ionization. At the present work this method is used for the calculation of cross sections of the positron-electron annihilation averaged over all atomic electrons. For this purpose Tietz approximation [2] for the average potential in which electrons move is used. The average density of the atomic electrons n r as function of coordinates r can be calculated in this potential analytically. With this density we can calculate the average cross sections of single-photon annihilation of positron and electron v a in a case of the small positron energies ( p m , where p and m are the momentum and mass of positron). This cross section is compared with the total for all electrons cross section which calculated approximately in the framework of quantum mechanic qm at the same energies. The ratios of the cross sections / v a qm for different charges Z are presented in the table: Z 85 88 90 93 95 100 / v a qm 1.34 1.19 1.1 0.98 0.91 0.76 Thus the suggested method provides a possibility to calculate approximately the total for all atom the cross section of single-photon annihilation of positrons for a big charges Z. 1. W.R.Johnson, D.J.Buss, C.O.Caroll // Phys.Rev.1964.V.135. P.1232. 2. T.Tietz // Zs. Naturforsh. 1968. V.23. P.191. 156 UNUSUAL TEMPERATURE DEPENDENCE OF THE HEAT CAPACITY AT SMALL PAIRING STRENGTHS Lunyov A.V., Mikhajlov V.M., Vlasnikov A.K. St. Petersburg State University, Russia E-mail: vlasnik@list.ru The effective Hamiltonian of Bardeen, Cooper, Schriffer BCS H is applied to calculations of thermodynamic properties of superfluiding or superconducting systems such as atomic nuclei or nanometer metallic clusters. Both the well- known standard variational method with BCS H (SVMBCS) and the employment of the exact solutions to BCS H (ESBCS) predict the appearance of only one maximum in the temperature (T) dependency of the heat capacity (C) if single- particle spectra of systems are either equidistant or near the Fermi level there are two solitary levels (filled by N particles) with degeneracies 1 2 2 , 2 and the lower one is completely filled by particles at 0 G T , G is the pairing strength, i.e. 1 2 N . However, calculations of can C for the canonical ensemble with ESBCS show that single-particle level structure can cause appearance of two maxima of can C if the degenerate Fermi level is unfilled. The explanation of this phenomenon lies in that at the beginning imparted heat is used up for particle excitations inside the Fermi level – this gives the first maximum. A further rise in T transfers particles to the upper level, i.e. both levels work simultaneously that gives the second maximum. Nevertheless, increase of ε G ( ε is the level spacing) leads to merge of two maxima in one. The work is supported by the SPbSU grant № 11.38.648.2013. Figure displays C can for two solitary levels. Values of C can at T=G=0 are identical for a) – the lower level (Ω 1 = 2) is occupied by two particles, the upper one (Ω 2 = 6) is vacant; b) – the lower level (Ω 1 = 6) is completely occupied by 12 particles and the upper one (Ω 2 = 2) is half empty, i.e. in case b) the particle number on two levels is equal to 14. Numerals1.,2.,3., relate to G/ε = 0.2; 0.125; 0.1 respectively. The vertical lines in the figure show corresponding critical temperatures (T c ) of SVMBCS, their lengths amount to the maximum values of C BCS at T c . 157 ON THE POSSIBLE PRESENCE OF NEUTRAL (ANTI)LEPTONS OF ALL GENERATIONS IN THE SOLAR NEUTRINO FLUX Romanov Yu.I. Moscow State University of Design and Technology, Russia E-mail: romanov.yu.i@mail.ru In the present work, a development [1], the flavor structure of the solar neutrinos (SN) is investigated. The prediction that part of the electron neutrino flux from Sun undergo conversion into neutral (anti)leptons of other families is considered. If the helicity e is retained, their conversion into neutral leptons of the second and third generation is allowed within the left-polarized (left) neutrino concept. When the helicity changes, the right-polarized (right) neutral particles can be considered as the muon and tau antineutrinos. Consequently, it is possible, that the “solar messengers” can reach an electron target in the } , , { L L L e (I) and } ~ , ~ , { R R L e (II) states of the wave (anti)neutrino packet. In the framework of the four-component theory representation about right muon neutrino the preserving (changing) of the SN helicity corresponds to the state } , ~ , { L L L e (III) ( } ~ , , { R R L e (IV)). The summary spectra of recoil electrons from the elastic scattering on an electron, in particularly, for the states (I) and (II) are described as dT e d P dT e d P dT d L e L e e tot ) ( )) ( 1 ( ) ( ) ( , , (I) dT e d P dT e d P dT d R e L e e tot ) ~ ( )) ( 1 ( ) ( ) ( , , (II) where T is the electron kinetic energy, P(ν e ) is the survival probability of the SN. The quantitative analysis and the graphic description of the standard electroweak summary spectra are presented for the scattering of beryllium SN (E ν = 0.862 MeV) with P(ν e ) = 0.51 ± 0.07 [2]. The possibility of the SN transformation in related antineutrino is also considered, the electron spectrum containing admixture e ~ component is obtained and analyzed. The spectrum dT e d R e ) ~ ( sharply decreases with an increase in the electron kinetic energy from a limit value 0.59 (in units e F m G 2 0 2 1.712·10 –48 m 2 ·MeV –1 ) to zero at T max = 0.67 MeV. The characteristic feature of the predicted spectrum can facilitate detection on the electron antineutrinos in the SN flux. 1. Yu.I.Romanov // Bull. Russian Acad. Sci. Physics. 2012. V.76. №4. P.507. 2. G.Bellini et al. (Borexino Collab.) // Phys. Rev. Lett. 2011. V.107. 141302. 158 STANDARD LENTONS AND NEXT LEPTON IN THEORY OF BYUON Baurov Yu.A. Closed joint stock Company Research Institute of Cosmic Physics, Korolyov, Russia E-mail: baurov@mail.ru Physics of lepton masses nature is shown on the base of theory of byuon (TB).This theory is the “life” of special unobservable discrete objects – byuons from which the surrounding space (physical space, fundamental constants: h, e, c etc.) and the world of elementary particles (masses of basic ultimate particles, 4 fundamental interactions and new force, etc.) are formed [1–3].An essential distinction of that theory from the modern models in the classical and quantum field theories is that the potentials of physical fields (gravitational, electromagnetic, asf.) gain exactly fixable measurable values.The theory of byuons predicts the existence of a next lepton (80.4 GeV).TB give the following values for the lepton massesfromonly three constants: 0 x% 2.7810 –33 cm; 0 0.92710 –43 s and the module of new fundamental constant – cosmological vector-potential A g 1.9510 11 Gs cm ( defining theproperties of the byuon) : 1. c ∙ ∗ 0.51 MeV; | | ∙ ∙ 2. c ∙ ∗ 105 MeV; | | ∗ ∙ ∙ ∗ ∙ 2 ; A √ ∙ ∗ 3. c ∙ ∗ 1779 MeV; ∗ ∙ ∙ ∗ ∙ 24 ∙ 8 ; A √ ∙ ∙ ∗ 4. c ∙ ∗ 80.4 GeV; | | ∗ ∙ ∙ ∗ ∙ 1536 ∙ 512 A 2√3 ∙ e 4x ∙ ct ∗ Here: x 0 = k 0 ~x 0.89 10 –17 cm; ct* = kN 0 x% 1,38 10 –13 cm; k, N – are calculated periods of interaction of byuons (k = 3.2·10 15 ; N = 1.54 10 4 ). It is discussed the last results of collaborations (CDF I, DO I, CDF II) of W + -boson mass (80.4 GeV) and ATLAS (birth of couple W + W – ) measurements and a connection of these results with TB and next lepton. 1. Yu.A.Baurov. On the structure of physical vacuum and a new interaction in Nature. (Theory, Experiment and Applications) Nova Science, NY, 2000. 2. Yu.A.Baurov, Global Anisotropy of Physical Space. Experimental and Theoretical Basis. Nova Science, NY, 2004. 3. Yu.A.Baurov et al. // Izvestia RAN. Ser. Phys. 2015. V.79. P.612. 159 DIRAC MATRICES AS ELEMENTS OF SUPERALGEBRAIC MATRIX ALGEBRA Monakhov V.V. Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg, Russia E-mail: v.v.monahov@mail.ru Clifford extension ( ) n M of Grassmann algebra n [1, 2] has been analyzed. The vector of state for operators of the algebra ( ) n M is a sum of monoms (product of Grassmann variables ) of all possible ranks: 0 ... 1 ... ... . It has been shown that the matrix M of arbitrary linear transformations of elements can be mapped to an element 1 ˆ ˆ ˆ M m P of the algebra, where 1 ˆP is a projector on the space 1 of monoms of rank 1 (a linear space with basis elements ). The operator 1 2 2 1 ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ... ... n n n P is a projector on the space n of monoms of rank n , the operator 1 1 2 1 2 1 1 ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ... ... (1 ) n n n n P P is a projector on the space 1 n of monoms of rank 1 n , and so on. The element transposed to ˆ is defined as ˆ ( ) T , and ˆ ( ) T , ( ) T T T AB B A . It has been found that such a subalgebra of ( ) n M is isomorphic to the usual matrix algebra. It is referred to as Mat( ) n . However, the algebra ( ) n M has extra operators 1 1 1 1 ... ... ˆ ˆ ˆ ( , ) ... ... k l l k k l k M m P that transform the monoms of rank k (elements of the subspace k ) into the monoms of rank l (elements of the subspace l ). The column-operator, which corresponds to the matrix of a single column, is a generalized matrix 0 ˆ ˆ m P which transforms 0 to 1 , and the row-operator, which corresponds to the matrix of the single row, is a generalized matrix 1 ˆ m P which transforms 1 to 0 . The conclusion is made that the Dirac matrices can be constructed as operators of the generalized matrix algebra Mat( ) n . This allows us to treat the Dirac matrices not as some unrelated elements to odd variables of supersymmetric theories, but as natural elements of a generalized matrix algebra, and the operators ( , ) k l M as an extension of spin-tensors to superspace. 1. L.E.Gendenstein, I.V.Krive // Advances in Phys. Sciences. 1985. V.146. №4. P.553. 2. F.A.Berezin. Introduction to superanalysis. Ed. A.A.Kirillov. D.Reidel Publishing Company. 1987. P.424. |
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