effective financial management. 4.Budgetary Balance: The budget aims to achieve balance or a surplus, where revenues cover or exceed expenditures. However, deficits may occur when
expenditures exceed revenues, leading to a budget shortfall. Governments may finance deficits through borrowing or draw from reserves. 5.Budget Priorities and Policy Objectives: The budget
reflects the government's policy priorities and objectives. It allocates resources to sectors and programs aligned with the government's vision, such as education, healthcare, infrastructure,
defense, social welfare, and economic development. Budget decisions reflect political, social, and economic considerations. 6.Transparency and Accountability: A key aspect of public budgets
is transparency and accountability. Governments are expected to provide clear and accessible information about the budget, its assumptions, and its impact on public finances and society.
Independent auditing and reporting mechanisms help ensure the proper use of public funds and accountability to taxpayers. Public budgets play a crucial role in determining the allocation of
public resources, guiding government policies, and addressing societal needs. They serve as a tool for fiscal planning, resource management, and public expenditure control.
ADAM SMITH’S THEORY OF ABSOLUTE DIFFERENCES IN COSTS
Introduc:on: Adam Smith describe the theory of absolute a
dvantage theory of Interna:onal trade in 1776.
Absolute ability of the party (an individual, firm, county) to produce goods and services more efficiently than its compe:tors.
Assump:ons of the Theory:
1.Lack of mobility for factor of produc:on.
2.Trade barriers. 3.Trade balance. 4.Constant wrilens
Statement of the theory:
The division of the level at an interna:onal level requires the existence of absolute differences in costs
Every country should specialize in the produc:on of that commodity, which it can produce more cheaply than other and exchange in for the commodi:es, which cost less in other countries.
Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |