to be paid in the case of these taxes. 6.Reduce Inequali:es- DT help in reducing income and wealth inequali:es. This is possible because poor are exempted from direct access.
DEMERITS OF DT: All is not well with DT. Some of the demerits are as under 1.Unpopular-DT pinch the taxpayer because they have to pay them directly out of their incomes and salaries. They are, therefore, unpopular.
2. Inconvenient- DT always create pinch to the taxpayers. Further, tax is to be paid in lump-sum which creates inconvenience. 3.Tax Evasion: In case of DT the possibility of tax evasion is more. The taxpayer may hide his
income and wealth in order to reduce tax liability. 4.Discourage Produc:on- Corpora:on taxes discourage those industries and firms which produce essen:al goods. 5.Not Imposed on All- DT are not imposed on all
income groups. Low income groups do not come under the purview of these taxes. 6.Arbitrary- DT posses an element of arbitrariness in them. They leave much to the discre:on of the taxa:on authori:es in fixing the
rates of taxa:on and in interpre:ng them.
TRADE CYCLE
Introduc:on
: The term trade is also known as business cycle. It refers to the waves of expansion and contrac:on in the aggregate economic ac:vity par:cularly income, output and employment
Defini:on : 1) “The trade cycle in the general sense may be defined as an alterna:on of periods of prosperity and depression , of good and bad trade.” ------ Haberler---
2)
“Trade cycle is a period of prosperity followed by a period of depression”—Benham
Types of trade cycle: 1)The Short Kitchin Cycle: it is composed of two or three minor cycle 40 months of dura:on. 2)The Long Jugler Cycle: It is defined as the fluctua:on of business ac:vity between successive crisis and
its dura:on, 9.5 years. 3)The Very Long Kondra:eff Cycle: It is made of six Jugler cycles. Its dura:on is 50 years. 4)Building Cycles: construc:on of buildings which is fairly regular dura:on dura:on 18 years . 5)/Kuznets
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