consumed by the society as a whole.
8. Political and Social Factors: It is also observed that political developments and continuously changing social views have led to a great expansion in public sector and increase in public
expenditure. In democratic set up there are number of political parties. Each party tries to get support from the voters.
Thus, in conclusion we can say that public expenditure is continuously increasing. One thing is clear that we cannot fix a proper limit of public expenditure. In fact, validity of the public
expenditure depends upon situation. It depends upon the desires and needs of the people and efficiency of the Government.
Ricardo’s Theory of Interna:onal Trade
Introduc:on: Acc to him, it is not the absolute
cost advantage, but compara:ve cost advantage that forms the basis of interna:onal trade between any two countries
Statement of theory: Each country should specialize in the produc:on of the commodity, in which she has the greatest compe::ve advantage or the least compe::ve disadvantage
Assump:ons of the theory: 1)There are only two countries.
2)There are only two commodi:es which those two countries can produce.
3)Level is the only factor of produc:on. 4)All the units of labour are homogeneous.
5)There is perfect compe::on in labour and product markets.
6)There is supposed to be full employment in both the country.
7)Labour is perfectly mobile within the country, but it is perfectly immobile between the two countries.
8)The law of constant returns in opera:ng in both countries. 9)No technological changes take place in both countries. 10)There are no transport costs in moving goods from one country to the other. 11) There is
freedom of trade.
Cri:cism of the Theory- The main point of of cri:cism are as follows;
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