abundance with labour.
3.Geographical & clima:c differences: Every country cannot produce all the commodi:es due to geographical and clima:c condi:on. Exp: Brazil coffee, Kuba sugar, Bangladesh jute.
4.Different markets: Interna:onal markets are separated by difference in fashion, design, usages, etc. Exp Bri:sh and india have right-handed cars, that’s why they have to design the cars le\-handed to trade with other
countries on cars.
5.Mobility of Goods- Internal trade restricted only by geographical and transport costs. Whereas interna:onal trade restricted by export, import, VES, exchange controls.
6.Different currencies: It is principal difference between countries but within the country it is not a problem. For example, India- rupee, USA- dollar Great Britain- pound sterling.
7. Problem of balance of payments: It is also another important point which dis:nguish between internal and interna:onal trade. This problem is permanent in interna:onal trade but in internal trade it is not.
8.Different transport costs: Trade between countries costs higher than within a countrybecauseofgeographical distances.
9. Different economic environment: Interna:onal trade involves differences such as framework, monetary policy, commercial policy, ins:tu:onal set-up and etc. But there is not much difference in economic
environment within a country.
10. Different poli:cal groups: All regions within a country belong to one poli:cal unit while different countries have different poli:cal units.
11.Different Na:onal Policies: Policies rela:ng to commerce, trade, taxa:on, etc are the same within a country. But in interna:onal trade there are ar:ficial barriers in the form of quotas, import du:es, tariffs, etc on
the movement of goods and services from one country
to another.
CAUSES OF DISEQUILIBRIUM IN BALANCE OF PAYMENTS
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