Introduc:on; Balance of payments represents a systema:c
record of interna:onal economic transac:ons of a country.
Causes of disequilibrium in balance of payments:The disequilibrium in balance of payments is the result of imbalance in the export and import values of a country. The important causes for such a disequilibrium are as
follows.
1.Developmental Needs: the developing countries adopt various fundamental programmes for which they import capital goods. Moreover, they also import certain finished productalso.
2. Infla:onary impact: Persistent increase in the domes:c prices affects adversely the export of the countries. It becomes profitable to sell the goods in the domes:c market rather than expor:ng it.
3.Popula:on growth: The developing countries fast-growing popula:on also contributes for adverse balance of payments. The growth in popula:on leads to increase in demand for various goods and services.
4.Foreign Debt: Almost all developing countries borrowed heavily from developed countries. it increases the burden of repayment.
5.Change in demand: For the goods produced in developing countries there is a fall in demand. This is due to innova:on of cheap subs:tutes.
6. Trade cycles: During the recessionary phase, the exports of developing countries decrease but the imports do not decrease as much as imports. This widens the gap between imports and exports leading to
disequilibrium in balance of payments.
7.Natural factors: Developing countries’ exports are mainly from the primary sector. The produc:on largely gets affected by natural factors like monsoon, floods etc.
A public budget refers to the financial plan of a government or a public entity for a specific period, typically one fiscal year. It outlines the expected revenues and expenditures and serves as a
blueprint for manag
ing public finances.Here are some key elements and components of a public budget: 1.Revenue Sources: The budget identifies the various sources from which the
government expects to generate revenue. This includes taxes (such as income taxes, sales taxes, and property taxes), fees and charges (e.g., user fees for public services), grants, borrowing,
and other sources of income. 2.Expenditure Categories: The budget allocates funds to different categories of government spending. Common expenditure categories include: a)Operating
Expenses: These include day-to-day costs of running government agencies and providing public services, such as salaries, utilities, supplies, and maintenance.b)Capital Expenses: Capital
expenditures are investments in long-term assets or infrastructure projects, such as building new schools, roads, hospitals, or purchasing equipment. These expenses are typically spread over
several years.c.Debt Servicing: If the government has outstanding debt, a portion of the budget may be allocated to paying interest on loans or retiring the principal amount. d. Transfers and
Grants: Some funds may be allocated for transfer payments to individuals, businesses, or other levels of government. This can include social security, welfare programs, subsidies, and grants to
support specific sectors or initiatives. 3.Budgetary Process: The budgeting process involves several stages, including preparation, approval, implementation, and monitoring. It typically starts
with government agencies and departments submitting their budget requests, which are then consolidated and reviewed by the finance ministry or the designated authority. The budget is
presented to the legislative body for approval and subsequent implementation by government agencies. Regular monitoring and reporting on budget execution help ensure compliance and
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