Schumpeter finalll
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4 5 6 7 8 PUBLIC FINANCE Introduc:on: Public finance is a branch of economics. It assesses the revenue and expenditure of the public authori:es-governmental bodies, central, state and local Defini:ons: 1) “PF is the study of the income and expenditure of the government. It includes regula:on and administra:on of public financial affairs also” – Prof. C.F. Bastable 2) “The science of public finance is concerned with the income and expenditure of public authori:es and with the adjustment of one to the other” - Dr. Hugh Dalton Nature of PF: The science of pf has both posi:ve and norma:ve aspects. PF is both a science and art. Posi:ve aspect of pf is concerned with the analysis of various sources of revenues and items of expenditure and norma:ve aspect is with the objec:ves of fiscal policy and the evalua:on of financial opera:ons in rela:on to the set objec:ves of fiscal policy Scope of PF: The scope of PF is divided into five categories as follows: 1.Public Revenue: PR deals with the method of raising funds and the principles of taxa:on. The study of PF includes objec:ves, methods and effects of collec:ng PR. 2.Public Expenditure: PE deals with the principles and problems and problems rela:ng to the alloca:on of public sending. The study of PF on the expenditure side includes principles of PE, classifica:on and jus:fica:on of PE. 3.Public Debt: PD is also known as government debt or na:onal debt. Government can take out loans, issue bonds and make financial investment. 4.Financial Administra:on and Control: The study of public finance on the financial administra:on and control side includes prepara:on of annual budgets, budgetary policy, methods of budgetary administra:on and control. 5.Federal Finance: FF means Pf of federal governments. The study of PF on the FF side includes revenue, expenditure and debt of central and local governments and their evalua:o INDIRECT TAX : An indirect tax is that tax, the direct money burden of which is collected from one person but here it is fully assumed and intended that the burden will be shi\ed to someone else MERITS OF IT: 1 . Indirect taxes are convenient for both the tax administra:on and taxpayers. 2.It is very difficult to avoid indirect access. 3. A large revenue can be collected with the help of indirect taxes. 4.Indirect taxes are highly elas:c. 5.If indirect taxes are single point at ad-valerom, they can help to control infla:on. 6.The scope of indirect taxes is very large, and there can be very a variety of indirect taxes. DEMERITS OF IT: 1 .Indirect taxes are not according to the ability of the taxpayer and so they become unjust. 2.It is very difficult to make indirect taxes progressive. 3.Indirect taxes are aggressive in their incidence and they increase inequali:es. 4.Indirect taxes tend to be uncertain Differences between internal and interna:onal trade Introduc:on: Internal trade refers to trade between regions within a country, interna:onal trade history between two na:ons or countries. 1.Factor immobility: Factor of produc:on freely mobile within a country reasons of immobility in interna:onal trade- different languages, customs, occupa:onal skills and others. 2.Difference in natural resources- Endowed with different natural resources. Specialize in produc:on in commodi:es which are highly endowed and trade with them exp; England abundance with land, Australian- Download 2.34 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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