Translation or representing a SL word by means of the more or less corresponding TL characters, that is, in a graphic way, is no longer regarded as an acceptable method of rendering Proper Names in translation. But tradition has preserved it in some cases and therefore this method still survives, e.g. Lincoln is rendered as Линкольн and Wellington as Веллингтон, O’Henry – О’Генри.
Traditionally, names of prominent people are rendered by their Russian counterparts: Isaak Newton – Исаак Ньютон, Abraham Lincoln – Авраам Линкольн, King James – Король Яков. All these factors explain the existence of double forms of Proper Names.
A problem by itself is presented by the translation of the so-called token names which reveal some typical features of the character named. Sometimes attempts are made to translate them, in this way following the writer’s intent, e.g. Humpty-Dumpty – Шалтай Болтай, Тяпкин-Ляпкин – Slap-Dash, etc. unfortunately this tendency inevitably conflicts with the principle of preserving the national character of the origin. So Mr. Surface in Sheridan’s “School for Scandal” would hardly be recognizable as an English dandy if he were called Вертопрахов.
Rendering of Geographical Names in Translation: Geographical names are an integral part of the Russian language, so tradition is very strong in this group of words. They are usually rendered according to the usage of earlier days, e.g. England – Англия, Scotland – Шотландия, Ireland – Ирландия.
Some geographical names have their translation equivalents in Russian: Cape of Good Hope – Мыс Доброй Надежды, Easter Island – Остров Пасхи, etc. usually geographical names of this type are token names, as they are named after the name of the holiday on which they were discovered.
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