Some practice in translation

Transpositions	Transposition may be defined as a change in the order of linguistic elements: words, phrases, clauses and sentences. Their order in the TL text may not correspond to that in the SL text. This Change of Order is necessary to preserve fully the content of the utterance while observing the norms of the TL. In considering the Universal Categories of Definiteness and Indefiniteness mention has been made of the 2 main parts of the sentence from the point of view of Communication, viz. the known – Theme and new – Rheme, elements of the utterance and their respective place in English and in Russian sentences.
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	Types of Grammatical Transformations	Divergences in the structures of the two languages are so considerable that in the process of translation various grammatical transformations and lexical transformations indispensable to achieve Equivalence. These transformations may be classed into 4 types: 1. transpositions; 2. replacements; 3. additions; 4. omissions. This classification, however, should be applied with reservation. In most cases they are combined with one another, moreover, grammatical elements and lexical elements in a sentence are so closely interwoven that one change involves another, e.g. As they leave Washington, the four foreign ministers will be traveling together by plane. Все четыре министра иностранных дел полетят из Вашингтона вместе.	94
	Types of transformation	The following types of transformations have been resorted to in the translation of this Complex Sentence: 1. The Complex Sentence is translated by a simple one (replacement of Sentence Type). 2. The word order is changed (Transposition). 3. The Subordinate Clause of Time is rendered by an Adverbial Modifier of Place (replacement of member of the sentence). 4. The meaning of the Predicate and of the Adverbial Modifier is rendered by the Predicate (both lexical transformations and grammatical transformations – replacement and omission). 5. The meaning of the Definite Article is rendered lexically (addition). The above analysis shows that all the 4 types of transformations are used simultaneously and are accompanied by lexical transformations as well