Стилистика тилшуносликнинг ажралмас қисми бўлиб, у бадиий нутқнинг ифодаланиш услублари, уларнинг таъсирчанлиги ва умуман инсон нутқини ўрганадиган фандир

Exercises:
I. Questions for discussion:
1. Whatisthecompositionaldesignofparallelconstructions? 2. Whatarethestructuraltypes of parallel constructions? 3. What are the functions of parallel constructions in different functional styles? 4. Explain the essence of semantic structural function of parallel constructions. 5. What does the structural function imply?
II. Discuss the following types of parallel constructions:
1. You know I am very grateful to him don't you? You know I feel a true respect for him ... don't you? 2. ... their anxiety is so keen; their excited joy grows as intense as the signs of life strengthen, that how can she resist it! 3. If you are sorrowful, let me know why, and be sorrowful too; if you waste away and are paler and weaker every day, let me be your nurse and try to comfort you. If you are poor let us be poor together, but let me be with you. 4. What is it? Who is it? When was it? Where was it? How was it? 5. The coach was wailing, the horses were fresh, the roads were good, and the driver was willing. 6. ... they all stood, high and dry, safe and sound, and hale and hearty, upon the steps of the Blue Lion.
1. Букунўзгачадир жилваи олам,
Бy кун ўзгачадир борлиқда ханда.

2. 
   Турмушташвишлари,
   

Турмушташвишлари,
Бизсенданбаландроқтураолсайдик
Биз сендан баландроқ юра олсайдик,
Балки улғаярди дунё ишлари ...
3. Собиту сайёрада инсон ўзинг, инсон ўзинг,
Мулки олам ичра бир ҳоқон ўзинг, султон ўзинг.

3. 
   Аёлларнинг йиғи ва хитоблари, золимларни қарғашлари йигитларнинг мардона овозлари, баъзи кишиларни чўчитиб, олаарак қилди.
   

Сhiasmus ( Reversed Parallel Constructions). The compositional design of this SD is as follows: two successive sentences are given but the word order of one sentence is reversed. If the first sentence has a direct word order (subject, predicate, object) the second sentence has an indirect word order: adverbial modifier, object, predicate, and subject. E.g.: They had accepted their failure. Their fate they, couldn't accept (G. Byron).
Thus in chiasmus we have a cross order of words. It can be illustrated in the following scheme:
They hadacceptedtheir failure

Their fatethey couldn't accept

Chiasmus has originated from the emphatic expressions of the spoken language. But in the written type of speech it is typified and generalized and thus becomes an SD.

The sudden change in the structure helps lo lay stress on the second part of the utterance. This sudden change requires a slight pause before the second part.
Chiasmus can appear when there are two successive sentences or coordinate pans of a sentence. The structural design of chiasmus may be different: it appears in a complex sentence, in a compound sentence or in two independent sentences.
We must distinguish between lexical and syntactical chiasmus. Here is the example of lexical chiasmus: Experience is the child of Thought and Thought is the child of Action (A. Pope). There is no inversion here. Both parts have the same direct word order. Syntactical chiasmus is used to break up parallel constructions which are monotonous. It brings emphasis on the second part of the inverted part of the utterance.
Close analysis shows that the first part in chiasmus is not completed, the reader anticipates the continuation end this completion of the idea is given in the second pan: There Is a great deal of difference between the eager man who wants to read a book, and the tired man who wants a book to read (G- K. Chesterton}.
In some cases chiasmus is built on the use of a passive construction which is substituted for the active: Soldiers who never fire a gun and never a shot fired at them. The SF of chiasmus is to attract the reader's attention to the most important part of the utterance.
Хиазм.Хиазмнинг тузилиш тасвириқуйидагича; икки гап кетмакеткелади, аммобиргапдагисўзтартибииккинчигапдаги сўз тартибининг тескарисидир. Масалан, агарбиргапдасўзтартибитўғрибўлибэга, кесим, тўлдирувчи, ҳолкелсабошқагапдагисўзтартибибиринчисиганисбатанҳол, тўлдирувчи, кесим, эгабиланберилибтескарибўлади. Масалан:
Ҳаркунчиқарярқирабофтоб,
Тонготадирўлкадаҳаркун.
Хиазммисолдакўрсатилганидек, боғловчисизҳам вужудгакелиши мумкин. Воситасифатидаинглизтилида "and" боғловчиси ишлатилади.Бундайкўринишгаэгабўлганда, гапнинг иккинчи бўлагимуҳиммаънокасбэтади.
Хиазм қуйидаги тузилмалар: боғланган қўшма гапларда, эргашган қўшма гапларда, жуфт содда гапларда намоён бўлади.
Хиазм таҳлил қилинганда, унинг лексик ва синтактик турлари фарқланиши лозим. Лексик хиазмлар мавжуд бўлганда ўз-ўзидан ҳеч қандай синтактик инверсия ҳосил бўлмайди.
"Тарих инсонни яратмайди,
Инсон тарихни яратади".
Мулоҳазанинг иккалақисмида ҳам сўз тартиби турлидир. Синтактик хиазм параллел тузилмаларни ёки умуман бир хилликни бузиш учун қўлланилади. Синтактик хиазмларда гапларнинг биринчи қисми тугалланмаган бўлади:
Баъзилардай эмасман чаққон,
Чаққонлик ҳам келмас қўлимдан.
Хиазм сўзлашув тилининг эмфатик тузилмаларидан вужудга келади. Ёзма нутқда хиазм ихчамлашади, умумлашади ва шу йўсинда стилистик восита ҳолига келади. Хиазмнинг стилистик вазифаси — диққатни гапнинг катта бир бўлагига жалб этишдир:
Лекин Лайли бошига келган
Қopa кунлар бизга ёт бутун;
Бизга ётдир Ширин бахтини
Поймол этган у қоп-қора тун.