Стилистика тилшуносликнинг ажралмас қисми бўлиб, у бадиий нутқнинг ифодаланиш услублари, уларнинг таъсирчанлиги ва умуман инсон нутқини ўрганадиган фандир

SYNTACTICAL EXPRESSIVE MEANS AND STYLISTIC DEVICES
The peculiarities of the structural design of sentences certainly have some emotional colouring and that's why they are considered stylistic and emotionally coloured. In order to understand the nature of the emotional charge of such syntactical structures, we must be aware of the norm of syntactical usage. By the norm of syntactical usage we mean the rules of the language according to which the word combinations, sentences, superphrasal units, paragraphs and texts are constructed. Stylistic syntactical pattern may be considered as a variant of the general syntactical invariant (model) of the language.
In present English syntax the notion of the norm is fixed but any change in the position of the elements of the sentence may be looked upon as a variant of the received norm, if this change does not distort the meaning of the sentence.
In speaking about syntax we also have to deal with the notion of form and content. It is very easy to prove that syntactical relations can be studied in isolation from semantic content: E.g.:
Annon edhellen, edro hi ammen
Fennas nogothrim, leslo beth lammen!
From these lines we see that syntactical structures get their independent grammatical meaning though they are expressed by meaningless words. In the given utterance it is possible to single out separate morphological units: nouns-annon, fennas; verbs-edhellen, edra. We may feel the use of rhyme: ammen-lammen etc. So we may draw the following conclusion: 1) the structural elements predetermine the possible semantic aspect, 2) the structural elements have their independent meaning, which is called grammatical or structural meaning, 3) the structural meaning may effect the lexical meaning and add contextual meaning to some of the lexical units.
From what has been said above it follows that syntax may be called the means by which strength is given to style, the means of joining separate parts into a whole. Thai's why the structural syntactical aspect is regarded as a crucial issue in stylistic analysis.
It is well known that the English affirmative sentence is viewed as neutral because traditionally it has the regular word order: subject + predicate + object. Any change in the traditionally accepted pattern of the English sentence produces certain changes of the meaning. For example, a sudden change in the word order will add some information if compared with the same neutral sentence. E.g.: To her and to no one else was due the glory. The glory was due la her and to no one else.
The beginning and the end of the sentence are the most important parts of utterance. At the beginning of the sentence the full forceof the stress is clearly felt. At the end of the sentence there is always a pause, after which a new sentence begins. The authors use this peculiarity of syntax and place the most important ideas either at the end or at the beginning of the sentence.
When we speak about syntax we must always remember about intonation. The role of intonation becomes greater if the syntactical relations are weak.
The emotional charge of syntax originates from the oral type of speech. The basis may be different in each case. Sometimes the speaker may be in an agitated state of mind. In such cases he repeats or omits certain parts of the utterances (repetition or ellipsis), he may change the word order of the sentence without changing the essential meaning of the sentence (inversion). The speaker may enumerate some details, reasons, causes in order to make his narration more convincible (enumeration and gradation). Sometimes the speaker demonstrates his unwillingness to proceed with his thought (break-in-the narrative). The narration becomes bright and emotional if we oppose some facts or events (antithesis). Different types of questions are integral parts of communication (questions in the narrative).
Another source of expressiveness of syntax is associated with different means of connectives (polysyndeton and asyndeton). Finally we may note a different use of "structural meanings (rhetorical questions and litotes).
All means of expressiveness which exist in the language as a system undergo "conscious and intentional" modifications in the written form of the language, especially in the language of emotive prose. They become typified, generalized, acquire special stylistic functions and become a generative model according to which an SD is produced. Thus we distinguish three groups of syntactical SDs. The first — SDs established by the peculiarities of oral type of speech. The second group of SDs is characterized by the use of different connectives. The third group of syntactical SDs is based on the interrelation of structural meanings.
Let us examine the first group which is constituted by inversion, detached constructions, parallel constructions, chiasmus, repetition, ellipsis, enumeration, gradation and antithesis.