Table of contents I. Intraduction chapter I – theoretical

CHAPTER I – THEORETICAL
1. Theoretical Characteristics of International Words
1.1 The concept and essence of international words
Before studying the real idea of global vocabulary, it appears suitable to in brief represent borrowings, thru which global phrases take root withinside the lexical device of a language (on this case, English).
In linguistics, borrowing is the method of assimilation through one language of a phrase, expression or that means of every other language, in addition to the end result of this method - the borrowed phrase itself. Borrowing is an critical element withinside the improvement and trade of the lexical device of a language [Galperin, 2016: 101]. The function of loanwords in one of a kind languages isn't always the equal. The maximum permeable language, is the English language, for this reason it has a big variety of borrowed phrases. This is because of the severa ancient interferences of various languages with English. The maximum thrilling component is that at final count, of all of the phrases withinside the vocabulary of the English, handiest 30% are "natural English", the relaxation were borrowed from different languages.
Historically, contemporary-day English has been substantially prompted through different European languages. This has been due to a sequence of invasions of the British Isles through freshmen from the Continent: the conquest of the Celtic tribes through the Roman Empire, the Great Migration with its career of the British Territories through the Germanic tribes, the steady Viking raids, and the Norman Conquest of England. As a end result of those and a few different ancient strategies the phonetics, grammar and vocabulary of the English language have changed, together with soaking up a big variety of borrowings from the languages of different European nations. Modern English is one of the record-breakers withinside the variety of borrowings (handiest 30% of the vocabulary belongs to local English), and this reality can notably assist withinside the look at of different famous European languages on the premise of English.
So, for example, if we examine English "invest" with German "investieren" or French "investir" - it isn't always hard to wager the that means of those phrases through their not unusualplace root. English command, obey, serve are French commander, obéit, servir, and kindergarten, arm, and land are even spelled the equal manner in English and German. In a few cases, it's miles sufficient to realize the not unusualplace root and the peculiarities of phrase formation in one of a kind languages to without difficulty remodel an English phrase right into a overseas one. For example, English motion is without difficulty converted into German aktion, Spanish acción, Portuguese açao and Italian azione, and in French it's miles spelled precisely the equal manner as in English, handiest it reads differently. You may want to attempt the equal test with the phrase culture or every other Romance phrase with -tion, converting the English suffix to Spanish -ción, Italian -zione, or Portuguese -ção.
Almost a 3rd of the phrases in contemporary-day English are borrowings from Latin. These are such "household" phrases as wine, school, box, paper, which got here to English way to alternate family members of the Roman Empire with the Celts and Germanic tribes. There also are phrases associated with the unfold of the Christian religion: angel, biscop, church, devil, etc. And, of course, there are a extremely good variety of so-known as ee-e book phrases, which penetrated the English language withinside the translation of the ancient, cultural and medical history of older civilizations. Such phrases encompass crisis, idea, demonstrate, evolve, minor, inferior and plenty of others.
It is really well worth noting that during contemporary-day English there are numerous Latin especially specialised phrases from medicine, botany, zoology and different sciences [Arnold, 2015: 89]. This is due now no longer handiest to borrowings from Latin, however additionally to the global exercise of the usage of Latin and Greek terminology. Whatever the foundation of those phrases, they may be without difficulty found out withinside the method of learning English after which freely used withinside the linguistic exercise of different languages, as typically such phrases are translated, study and spelled the equal manner. Internatio
Only French can examine to Latin's contribution to the improvement of the English vocabulary: 29% of phrases in current English have French roots. Moreover, many French phrases are themselves derived from Latin, which incredibly confuses even skilled linguists. For example, the English phrase determine with same opportunity may also come without delay from the Latin figura and from the French determine [Shipilova, 2017]. However, there also are sufficient certainly French loanwords in English, which includes entrance, admirable, disappointment, battle, etc.
The branch of linguistics that studies lexicon, the science of the vocabulary of a language, is called lexicology. The lexical structure of a language and the words that make it up are characterized by a number of common features. Lexicology studies lexicon from the point of view of the same general features. These features are as follows: 1. First of all, any word that makes up the vocabulary has a meaning. In this sense, words have their own characteristics. The meaning (semantics) of a word and the issues related to it ■ is one of the main issues in lexicology. This issue of lexicon is dealt with by the oemasiology department of lexicology. 2. In the development of any language, the most variable, the fastest moving part of it is the lexicon. In the process of language development, the vocabulary is enriched by new words, some words become obsolete and become obsolete. This means that the vocabulary is characterized by the presence of relatively new words and obsolete words, as well as words that have been mastered in the past and are now in use. In lexicology, this aspect of vocabulary is also studied. 3. The level of consumption of words in the dictionary also differs in this respect, whether they are general or limited. If certain words are in general consumption (for example, bread, water, big, running, etc.), the range of consumption of some words will be limited in a certain way. For example, dialectal words are territorially limited (sas - sound, want - search, bolish - pillow, door - yard, house, etc.); terms are socially limited, ie they are limited to use in the speech of people in a particular profession (for example, stress, lexicon, affix - linguistic terms; cone, pyramid, square - geometric terms; cultivation, barona - agricultural terms; basketball, goal, knockout - sports terms, etc.). Lexicology is studied from the point of view of the composition of the dictionary.
It ought to be cited that because of ancient interrelationships, English keeps similarities with different European languages now no longer best in vocabulary, however additionally in grammar, phrase formation, phrasing and different linguistic aspects, and this additionally enables plenty in getting to know a 2d overseas language.
Internationalism is a phrase originated in a single language and in the end borrowed into different languages to indicate a positive concept [13]. First of all, those are unique concepts, phrases of maximum sciences, names of technical human inventions (Internet, microscope, satellite tv for pc, telephone), public and social institutions (academy, police, republic), sports activities vocabulary, names of sports activities games, "exotisms" (tomahawk, samurai, etc.).
There are not unusualplace or comparable phrases in maximum of the sector's languages. This is due to the fact withinside the direction in their ancient improvement, peoples may want to borrow phrases from every different, specially if one human beings did now no longer but have a phrase for an already emerged new reality. For example, the phrase sputnik have become an global phrase, which got here to different languages from the Englishn language in reference to the release of the primary synthetic satellite tv for pc of the Earth via way of means of the USSR. Often names of dishes, which aren't atypical to its cuisine, however famous in every other nation, are constant withinside the vocabulary of 1 or every other nation. So, it is straightforward to understand the authentic Englishn vocabulary withinside the English phrases "borsch," "pelmeni," and "kvass. As technological know-how and era developed, phrases from historical Greek and Latin commenced to be extensively used. This applies in complete degree to each English and Englishn. Thus comparable (global) phrases appear.
The global phrases, which have been borrowed from the equal source, have sound and photograph similarities. The fundamental a part of this vocabulary regarded because of the historical vocabulary of Greek and Latin origin (proletarian, democracy, memorandum, minimum, veto, synonym, rhythm, philosophy, atom) [21].
The ultimate component comes from current languages, for example:
- sterlet, vodka, rouble, zemstvo, volost, moujik, udarnik - from Englishn;
- revolution, administer, advocate, appetite, from French;
- sonata, bank, solo, duet, soprano, Italian;
- tango, rumba, guitar, Spanish;
- zink, kindergarten, rucksack, German.
The improvement of the clinical and technological revolution and the unfold of achievements round the sector had a big affect on the arrival of a massive quantity of global lexicons. A massive stratum of global vocabulary comes from the media: TV channels, published publications, the Internet, etc. According to many linguists, the abundance of global vocabulary may also cause the emergence of a brand new language, with a purpose to be known as interlanguage [23, P.239]. Nowadays, there are synthetic global languages, which includes Esperanto, signal language and others. The phenomenon of internationalization has its pluses and minuses. On the only hand, the presence of this vocabulary simplifies the verbal exchange of various cultures, and on the alternative hand, the distinctiveness of the language is lost [1, P.100].
International words, as mentioned above, include words borrowed from other languages - Latin and Greek, and from modern languages (most of them are terminology: computer and business terminology from English, ballet terms from French, musical terms from Italian). These words are similar in spelling, meaning and sound: manager, dumping, philosophy, inflation, television, contrast.
So, we can conclude that international words are words that occur within more than three languages. They are a special case of borrowing, have the features of borrowing, but internationalism is not borrowed by means of tracing. Interlexics are also characterized by such components as: origin, sphere of use, belonging to one of the functional styles and degree of assimilation.