Table of contents I. Intraduction chapter I – theoretical

1.2 Peculiarities of the Functioning of International Words in English

English has best 30% of local phrases, the relaxation being loanwords (mortgage-phrases, borrowings). In many languages borrowings rely upon the precise historic situations of a given language. The percent of loanwords in English is tons better than in different languages. The English language had an possibility extra than some other language to borrow phrases below the situations of direct contact: withinside the Middle Ages from the infinite invaders of the British Isles, and in addition below the situations of the English colonial pastime and change expansion [8, P.113].

The English language has a peculiarity, it has borrowings in extraordinary elements of speech, which in different languages continue to be unchanged and primordial. For example, the pronoun with its forms "they"; robust verbs borrowed from the Scandinavian language, such as "thrive" and "take". Nevertheless, the function of a phrase in a language isn't always decided via way of means of whether or not it's far borrowed or local.
The depth of the adoption of latest phrases varies from length to length. It is going up and down relying on precise historic situations. Now students are involved now no longer best in wherein a phrase comes from and why, however additionally the way it has subordinated to the language, that is, the way it has been assimilated into the language, the way it has modified its that means.
So, for example, thinking about the phrase "sport", it isn't always sufficient to recognise in what length and from what language it's far borrowed. We are more often than not inquisitive about the truth that the phrases "disportus" and "desport", from which the phrase "sport" changed into formed, supposed "diversion" or "deviation". Consequently, while borrowing there has been a trade of that means (sport - sport, amusement, enlivening, fun). But in parallel, for example, the verb "disport" - "to amuse", keeps its that means, however seems to be little used. A borrowed phrase takes on numerous meanings of phrases near it, which already existed withinside the language earlier. Often phrases that coincide in that means with the brand new phrase are displaced. For example, the phrase "burgh" in Old English supposed "castle," "fortified city." But withinside the eleventh century the phrase "castle" appeared, which supposed a sort of fortresses. After the appearance of the phrase "castle", the phrase "burgh" loses the that means of "fortress", however keeps the that means of "fortified town".
It is critical to be aware that the fixation of a borrowed phrase does now no longer always result in the displacement of the local phrase.
Borrowed phrases in English may be divided into 3 groups:
- According to the supply of borrowing;
- via way of means of the diploma of assimilation;
- what issue of the phrase is borrowed [16, P.64].
According to the supply of borrowing, there are unique temporal layers withinside the borrowings. Most often, they're related to positive occasions or the interplay of representatives of various linguistic cultures. The depth of the arrival of latest phrases may be very extraordinary in extraordinary periods. It both will increase or decreases relying on positive situations. The diploma of affect of languages on every different relies upon at the closeness of those languages. In every separate length the vocabulary changed into borrowed from extraordinary languages. Thus, we will distinguish the subsequent temporal strata in English:
1. Celtic loanwords: pillion - saddle cushion, bannock - unleavened flatbread, plaid - plaid, cross - cross.
2. Latin loanwords from the primary centuries of our technology and the Renaissance and Christianity: memorandum - agreement, minimum, veto - prohibition.
3. Old and new French mortgage phrases: administer, battle, advocate, coat, dinner.
4. Italian mortgage phrases, conditioned via way of means of economic, cultural and political relations: bank, manifesto, solo, duet.
5. Spanish loanwords, conditioned via way of means of economic, cultural and political relations: cargo, guitar;
6. Scandinavian loanwords, from the time of Scandinavian raids: egg - egg, knife - knife, happy.
7. Germanic mortgage phrases: rucksack, kindergarten.
8. Danish mortgage phrases (more often than not nautical mortgage phrases): freight, skipper.
9. Englishn borrowings (Sovietisms) - borrowings from the post-October length, reflecting the social system: vodka - vodka, pood - pud, copeck - kopeck, zemstvo - zemstvo, volost - volost, five-12 months plan - five-12 months plan [19, P.1033].

The category of phrases in keeping with the supply of borrowing isn't always the most effective viable way. Borrowings also are categorised in keeping with what factor of the phrase is new for the host language. According to this principle, phrases may be divided into:

- phonetic borrowings (phonetic borrowings);
- phrase-formation (mortgage-translation);
- semantic borrowings;
- borrowings through morphemes (morphemic borrowings) [12, P.89].
Phonetic borrowings are greater feature of the English language than different borrowings. They also are called natural borrowings. Words are borrowed collectively with the pronunciation and that means. In a few cases, a phrase's pronunciation or that means can be altered. They are characterised via way of means of the reality that their typical sound complicated is new to the borrowing language, even though every in their constituent sounds, with uncommon exceptions, is changed via way of means of the sound of the language into which they enter. The pressure in a phrase will depend upon the phonetic machine of the language. Words which include labor, travel, table, chair, humans are phonetic borrowings from French. Sputnik, nomenklatura, apparatchik - phonetic borrowings from Englishn, etc.
Translation mortgage - mortgage phrases with renovation in their morphological structure. For example, a borrowed phrase mixture from Latin - to take the bull via way of means of the horns; from French - truthful sex; from Englishn - collective farms.
Semantic borrowing is thought as borrowing a phrase with its new that means with a opposite borrowing. That is a phrase become borrowed from one language to any other, wherein it acquires a brand new that means, with which it comes back. Such borrowings effortlessly arise in carefully associated languages. Such borrowings are located in Scandinavian and English - to live = to reside (to settle, to settle down). The antique that means of the phrase reside is to roam.
Borrowed phrases can penetrate thru written and oral reassets. The first way (phonetic borrowings) refers back to the early tiers of borrowing, and the second one way (mortgage translation) is related to written reassets and taken later borrowings.
The phrases delivered into the language may be transferred in one-of-a-kind ways. There may be whole calcification, wherein a phrase is completely "copied" from any other language. And a phrase also can be defined the use of phrases which might be used withinside the local language as a way to deliver the that means of the phrase as correctly as viable to the local speaker. Abuse of calibration and transcription pollutes the language to a few extent, due to the fact the originality of the language starts offevolved to vanish from it and increasingly more borrowed phrases appear. When the that means of the phrase isn't always clear, the calquing from this or that language isn't always allowed with none comments, as in any other case this phrase might be irrelevant to apply withinside the spoken speech of the population of this u . s . [Kopylenko, 2010: 108].
Thus, we will finish that borrowings have substantially enriched the vocabulary of the English language. Due to a massive wide variety of supply languages, the English vocabulary absorbed loads of cultural, historic and social phenomena and become packed with important phrases and notions.
Vocabulary replenishment is available in one-of-a-kind ways - phrase formation and borrowing. Borrowing of overseas phrases displays now no longer most effective historic processes, however additionally geographical position, social and cultural vicinity of the u . s . withinside the world.
The system of borrowing may be very diverse. This system has its personal reasons, tiers of improvement and results. The reasons of borrowing are because of the inner reasons of the language and the outside effect at the language machine. The want to assimilate borrowed phrases is because of the imprecision of the call of the detail or its absence, because of the reality that the phenomenon or item denoted is new for the lifestyle that speaks the language.
As a end result of borrowing, the vocabulary of the English language is continuously being updated. The language adapts, adapts to the realities of every new era, lives and develops collectively with the cultural network of humans.