“tarjima nazariyasi va amaliyoti”

Misol uchun: Australian property. Avstraliya mulki. Имущество Австралии.

Ingliz tilidagi “higher”, “lower”, “shorter”, “longer”, “better” kabi sifatning qiyosiy shakllari ko‘p hollarda o‘zbek tiliga o‘girilganda ular asosi sifatdan kelib chiqqan otlar bilan ifodalanadi.

Misol uchun: They demand higher wages and better living conditions. Ular yuqori maosh va yaxshiroq sharoit talab qilyaptilar.

Они требуют высокую зарплату и лучшее жизненное условие.

Transformatsiya (lot. transformatio – qayta tuzmoq)

Asosiy sintaktik tuzilmani til qonun-qoidalari asosida o‘zgartirib, ikkinchi bir tuzilma hosil qilish

Tillararo (tarjimaviy) transformatsiyalar uch turdan iborat:

Tillararo (tarjimaviy) transformatsiyalar uch turdan iborat:

• leksik transformatsiyalar
• grammatik transformatsiyalar
• leksik-grammatik (sintaktik) transformatsiyalar

Grammatik transformatsiyaning turlari

• O‘rin almashtirish
• O‘zgartirish
• Qo‘shimcha so’z qo‘shish

4. Tushirib qoldirish.

O‘rin almashtirish (Replacements)

I want you to speak English

• Я хочу чтобы вы говорили по-английски.

Here is a book for you to read

• Вот книга, которую Вы должны прочитать.

Xonada tinchlik o’rnatildi

- The room turned silent.

O‘zgartirish (Transpositions)

I wrote to you early this year.

- I wrote to you at the beginning of the year.

(Adverb – noun)

He lives precariously.

- He leads a precarious life.

(Adverb – adjective)

Qo‘shimcha qo‘shish (Additions)

Pay claim

Gun license

Oil talks

The policeman waved me on.

Pay claim – maoshni oshirish talabi