Task – ‘Open-source’ task. Theory – 10 point task – a ‘Open-source’ task. Find/identify main postulates of given great thinker/scholar [from Martin Griffiths

karl w. deutsch
Karl W. Deutsch was a political scientist and one of the key figures in the development of the study of International Relations (IR). His main postulates include:

1. 
   Security Community: Deutsch argued that a security community is a group of states that have abolished the use of military force against one another, and have developed close political and economic ties.
   
2. 
   Integration Theory: Deutsch proposed the concept of integration theory which stresses the role of communication and cooperation in the creation of political communities, including a security community.
   
3. 
   Systemic Approach: Deutsch emphasized the systemic nature of international politics and how the actions of states are shaped by the global system.
   

Illustrating these postulates:

1. 
   Security Community: The European Union (EU) is often cited as an example of a security community, as its member states have close political and economic ties, and have abolished the use of military force between them.
   
2. 
   Integration Theory: The creation of the European Union is a demonstration of Deutsch's integration theory in action. Through communication and cooperation, European states have come together to create a political community with shared goals and institutions.
   
3. 
   Systemic Approach: The events of the Cold War can be viewed through Deutsch's systemic approach, as the actions of the United States and Soviet Union were shaped by the global system of bipolarity.
   

richard ashley
Richard Ashley is an American political scientist and international relations scholar, best known for his work on the theory of international relations. He is often considered one of the pioneers of the neorealist and English School approaches to the study of international relations.
Three main postulates of Richard Ashley include:

1. 
   Neorealism and the English School: Ashley is known for his integration of neorealist and English School approaches to international relations. He emphasizes the role of power and the anarchic structure of the international system in shaping state behavior, while also highlighting the importance of norms and institutions in shaping state interactions.
   
2. 
   Theorizing the Role of the State: Ashley's work focuses on the role of the state in international relations and the way that states interact with each other. He argues that the state is the main actor in international relations, and that the study of international relations should focus on the role of the state in shaping global politics.
   
3. 
   Constructivism and Social Theory: Ashley's work also integrates elements of constructivist thought into his analysis of international relations. He argues that norms, ideas, and beliefs play an important role in shaping state behavior, and that international relations should be studied through a social-theoretical lens that takes into account the role of these non-material factors in shaping global politics.
   

Three relevant illustrations of events or cases in international relations that highlight Ashley's postulates include:

1. 
   The Gulf War (1990-1991): Ashley's neorealist perspective on the international system highlights the role of power and the balance of power in shaping state behavior. The Gulf War provides a clear illustration of how the balance of power in the international system influenced the behavior of states during this conflict.
   
2. 
   The European Union: Ashley's focus on the role of norms and institutions in shaping state behavior is evident in his analysis of the European Union. The EU provides a clear example of how international organizations and institutions can play a role in shaping the behavior of states and promoting cooperation.
   
3. 
   The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO): Ashley's emphasis on the role of the state in international relations is demonstrated through his analysis of NATO. The NATO alliance provides a clear illustration of how states can cooperate and work together in the face of security challenges, highlighting the importance of state behavior in shaping the outcome of international relations.