Task – ‘Open-source’ task. Theory – 10 point task – a ‘Open-source’ task. Find/identify main postulates of given great thinker/scholar [from Martin Griffiths

oswald spengler
Oswald Spengler was a German philosopher and historian best known for his book "The Decline of the West". Spengler's work focused on the idea of cultural decline and the cyclical nature of history.
The main postulates of Oswald Spengler's theory of history and culture include:

1. 
   Cyclical Nature of History: Spengler believed that all cultures go through a cycle of birth, growth, decline, and death.
   
2. 
   Cultural Relativity: Spengler emphasized the importance of understanding a culture in its own terms and rejected universal norms and values.
   
3. 
   Cultural Destiny: Spengler believed that each culture has a unique destiny that is shaped by its inner forces and cannot be altered by external events.
   

Here are three illustrations of Spengler's theory in the field of International Relations:

1. 
   Understanding Cultural Differences: Spengler's ideas about cultural relativity can help us understand and appreciate cultural differences in the international arena.
   
2. 
   The Influence of Culture on State Behavior: Spengler's belief in the unique destiny of each culture can help us understand how cultural norms and values influence the behavior of states in the international arena.
   
3. 
   The Historical Context of International Relations: Spengler's ideas about the cyclical nature of history can help us understand the historical context of international relations and the potential for cultural decline and renewal.
   

In conclusion, Oswald Spengler's theory provides a valuable framework for understanding the relationship between culture and history, and the role of culture in shaping the behavior of states in the international arena.

johan vincent galtung
Johan Galtung is a Norwegian sociologist and peace researcher who is widely recognized as one of the founders of the field of peace and conflict studies. Galtung's work focuses on the causes of conflict and the mechanisms of peacebuilding.
The main postulates of Johan Galtung's theory of peace and conflict include:

1. 
   Structural Violence: Galtung argues that violence is not only physical or direct, but can also be structural or indirect, arising from social, economic, and political structures and systems.
   
2. 
   Peace as a Positive Concept: Galtung defines peace not as the absence of violence, but as a positive state in which human needs are fulfilled and relationships are just and equitable.
   
3. 
   Conflict Transformation: Galtung argues that the goal of conflict resolution should not be to eliminate conflict, but to transform it in a way that creates a more peaceful and just society.
   

Here are three illustrations of Galtung's theory in the field of International Relations:

1. 
   Structural Violence in the International System: Galtung's ideas about structural violence can help us understand the ways in which the international system contributes to poverty, inequality, and human suffering.
   
2. 
   Positive Peace and Human Rights: Galtung's definition of peace as a positive state can help us understand the importance of promoting human rights and addressing social, economic, and political inequalities in the international arena.
   
3. 
   Conflict Transformation in Peacebuilding Efforts: Galtung's ideas about conflict transformation can help guide peacebuilding efforts in the international arena by promoting a more holistic and sustainable approach to resolving conflicts.
   

In conclusion, Johan Galtung's theory provides a valuable framework for understanding the causes of conflict and the mechanisms of peacebuilding in the international arena, and highlights the importance of addressing structural violence and promoting human rights and justice in international relations.


A) ‘Open-source’ task. Find/identify main postulates of given great thinker/scholar on theory of place and space, in political geography and IR, and geopolitics and provide relevant illustration of events / case in IR.