The Present simple tense

E s l a t m a: the first one, the second one birikmalaridagi one otlashgan.


The Indefinite Article (noaniq artikl)
Noaniq artiklning a,an shakllari mavjud. Uning a shakli undosh bilan boshlangan otdan oldin, an shakli esa unli tovush bilan boshlangan otdan oldin ishlatiladi.
Masalan: a:a boy, a ball, a city, a bag, a student
an: an apple, an elephant, an uncle, an aunt
E s l a t m a: I. So‘z undosh harf bilan boshlanib, o‘qiganda undosh harf tushib qoladigan so‘zlar oldida an noaniq artikli ishlatlaveradi. Masalan: an hour – bir soat
Va aksincha agar so‘z unli harf bilan boshlanib, o‘qiganda undosh tovush anglashilsa, a noaniq artikli ishlatiladi. Masalan: a university – universitet
II. Noaniq artiklni olgan ot birlik formasida bo‘ladi.


The use of the indefinite article – Noaniq artiklning ishlatilishi
Noaniq artikl quyidagi holatlarda ishlatiladi.
1. Ot ifodalagan predmet ma’lum guruhga mansub ekanligini bildirganda:
This is a book. Tom is a student. I have a match.
Yuqoridagi misollarda so‘zlovchini predmetlarning soni yoki miqdori emas, balki predmetning guruhi, turi qiziqtirayotir.
2. Ot ifodalagan predmed yoki shaxs noaniq bo‘lsa:
A man wants to see you. When I was coming I saw a woman at your table.
Bunday hollarda noaniq artikl o‘zbek tiliga “bir”, “allaqanday”, “qandaydir” kabi so‘zlar bilan tarjima qilinadi.
3. Ot ifodalagan predmet umumlashgan bo‘lsa:
A dog is an animal. A drawing man catches at a straw
4. Oy, hafta, kun, soat kabilarni anglatuvchi so‘zlar bilan ishlatilsa: (Bunday ishlatilgan noaniq artikl o‘zining tarixiy ma’nosi “bir”ni saqlab qoladi)
A century – bir asr, a year – bir yil, a month – bir oy, a week – bir hafta, a day – bir kun, an hour – bir soat, a minute – bir minut, a moment – bir daqiqa.
Masalan: There was half an hour of day light remaining.
5. few yoki little so‘zlari oldidan kelsa, bu so‘zlarning ma’nosi o‘zgaradi. Qiyoslang:
Few – oz, a few – biroz; little – kam, a little – biroz, ozgina.
A little wind came off the river.
6. Otlashgan miqdorni bildiruvchi (a hundred, a thousand, a million, a billion, a dozen, a soore, a quarter, a half, a couple) kabi so‘zlar oldidan:
Masalan: There were a couple of trunks.
7. many a birikmasida:
Many a book was sold during the book bazaar days.
8. Predlogli birikmalarda:
Masalan: a friend of mine. A piece of chalk. A cup of the tea.
9. Gap tinglovchiga noma’lum bir narsa haqida borsa:
He bought a book yesterday. There is a telephone in the room.
10. Undov gaplarda birlikdagi sanaladigan otlar bilan what so‘zidan keyin:
What a clever man! What a fine building!
E s l a t m a: So‘roq gaplarda what so‘zi qanday ma’nosini ifodalasa, artikl ishlatilmaydi.
Masalan: What book did you buy yesterday?
11. Sanaladigan otlar bilan birlikda kelganda such, quite, rather so‘zlaridan keyin: