The Present simple tense

Today’s newspaper – bugungi gazeta
Yesterday’s conversation – kechagi suhbat
O’zbek tilidan farqli ravishda ingliz tilida gender ( rod, jins) kategoriyasi mavjud. Ingliz tili gramatikasida rod (jins) kategoriyasida unchalik muammolar uchramaydi. Masalan: odamlar uchun he yoki she, predmet narsalar va hayvonlar uchun it ishlatiladi.
Lekin ba’zida hayvonlar uchun he, she ishlatiladi. Ayniqsa, uy hayvonari: mushuk, it va otlar uchun ishlatiladi.
Go and find the cat and put him out.
ba’zi odamlar mashina, motosikllarga … va dengizchilar ko’pincha qayiq va kemalar uchun she ni ishlatishadi.
How is your new car? Terrific. She is running beautifully.
Biz yana she ni davltlar, mamlakatlar uchun ham ishlatishimiz mumkin. Lekin odatda kamroq ishlatiladi.
He loves Spain – its culture, its history and its civilization. ( yoki … her culture, her history)
He or she
Biz he or she, him or her, his or her birkma olmoshlarini u “xoh erkak, xoh ayol” bo’ladimi degan ma’noda odamlar uchun ishlatamiz.
If a student is ill, he or she must send his or her medical certificate to the college office.
Ba’zi otlar jinsiga qarab quyidagicha ishlatiladi.

Erkak	Ayol
Actor – aktyor	Actress – aktrisa
Duke – gersog	Duchess – gersogovina
Bridegroom – kuyov	Bride – kelin
Host – uy egasi	Hostess – beak
Monk – rohib	Nun – rohiba
Prince – shaxzoda	Princess – malika
Steward – ofitsant	Stewardess – ofitsant qiz (somolyotda)
Waiter – ofitsant	Waitress – ofitsant qiz (restoranda)
Widower – tul erkak	Widow – tul ayol
Hero – qaxramon	Heroine – qaxramon ayol

THE ARTICLE ( artikl )

Ingliz tilida o‘zbek tilidan farqli ravishda artikl tushunchasi mavjud. Ot, otlashgan so‘z va substantiv so‘z birikmalari oldidan ishlatilib, uning ma’nosini aniqlab keluvchi so‘z a r t i k l deyiladi.

Hozirgi ingliz tilida noaniq (the indefinite) va aniq (the definite) artikllari mavjud.
Artiklning asosiy vazifasi otni aniqlab kelishdir. Shuning uchun u otning Grammatik belgilaridan biri deb ham yuritiladi.
Kelib chiqishi (etimologik) jihatidan artikl olmosh va sondan kelib chiqqan. Chunonchi, noaniq artikl qadimgi ingliz tilidagi an sanoq soni (“bir”, bitta, qandaydir) so‘zidan, aniq artikl esa, ko‘rsatish olmoshi se (o‘sha, ana shu) so‘zidan yuzaga kelgan.
Shu sababli ham hozirgi ingliz tilida noaniq artikl oldida son va aniq artikl oldida ko‘rsatish olmoshi ishlatilmaydi.