Theory and practice of translation

Recommended literature

1. 
   Alan Duff. Translation. Oxford University press. 1972.
   
2. 
   Frederick Fuller. The translation’s handbook. L.N/Y.
   
3. 
   Catford I.C. A Linguistic theory of translation. L.N/Y.
   
4. 
   Peter Newmark. Approaches to translation. London.
   
5. 
   Shvaytser A.D. Translation and Linguistics. M. 1973
   
6. 
   Levitskaya T.R, Fiterman A.M. The problems of translation on the material of the contemporary English language. M.1974.
   
7. 
   Nida.E. Towards a science of translation. Leiden. 1964.
   
8. 
   Roger. N. Bell. Translation and translating . Theory and practice. London, New York. 1995.
   
9. 
   Salomov G. Tarjima nazariyasiga kirish. T. 1978.
   
10. 
    Salomov G. Tarjima nazariyasi asoslari. T. 1983.
    

Lecture 3
Types of lexical transformations
Issues to be discussed:

1. 
   Lexical transformations: general considerations.
   
2. 
   Lexical substitution (concretization; generalization; antonymic translation; compensation).
   
3. 
   Addition (supplementation) as a type of lexical transformation.
   
4. 
   Omission (dropping) as a type of lexical transformation.
   

Key words: translation, lexical transformation, substitution, concretization, generalization, antonymic translation, compensation, addition, omission.
I. Lexical transformations: general considerations.
In order to attain equivalence, despite the differences in formal and semantic systems of two languages, the translator is obliged to do various linguistic transformations. Their tasks are to ensure that the text imparts all the knowledge inferred in the original text, without violating the rules of the language it is translated into.
The following three types are considered to be the most suitable for describing all kinds of lexical transformations:

1. 
   1. Lexical substitution;
   
2. 
   2. Addition (supplementation);
   
3. 
   3. Omission (dropping).