Towards a General Theory of Translational Action : Skopos Theory Explained
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Towards a General Theory of Translational Action Skopos Theory Explained by Katharina Reiss, Hans J Vermeer (z-lib.org) (2)
12.3 Text types
Before composing a text, an author will choose one of three basic communica tive forms, which are probably common to all culture communities and which is why text types may be described as universal phenomena. These three basic communicative types can be described on the basis of Bühler’s organon model. If an author wants the information offer to convey content, i.e. if the text has been composed with the intention of passing on news, knowledge, views, etc. (which can be assigned to the representational function of language), we speak of an informative text type. If the author wants the information offer to convey artistically organized content, consciously verbalizing the content according to aesthetic criteria (an intention which can be assigned to the expressive function of language), we speak of an expressive text type. If an author wants the information offer to convey persuasively organized content in order to encourage the recipient to act in accordance with the intentions of the text sender (or of the commissioner), which can be assigned to the appellative function of language, we speak of an operative text type. In other words: these three types are ‘encoded’ at different levels. The informative type is encoded at the level of content; the expressive type is encoded at the level of content and aesthetic organization; the operative type is encoded at the level of content and persuasion (to which the level of aesthetic organization is occasionally added). The following table illustrates this hierarchy. Katharina Reiß and Hans J. Vermeer 183 informative expressive operative E N C L O E D V I E N L G content (+ aesthetic or ganization); persuasive configuration x content; aesthetic organization x (x) content x x x A few examples may help to clarify this typology. Operating instructions will convey the necessary information to enable the reader to use an object correctly → this is a text of the informative type (although it may contain certain linguistic signs that, in isolation, would be categorized as appellative in Bühler’s model, such as impera tives, which are quite common in this genre). A poem transmits content based on both the meaning of the indi vidual linguistic signs and on the combination of these signs to form an aesthetic design, as well as from the associations and ideas evoked by these signs → this is a text of the expressive type. A propaganda pamphlet is intended to make the recipients react in exactly the way the sender wants them to react. This is usually not achieved by matteroffact, objective information nor by an aes thetically organized piece of communication alone but mainly by the persuasive composition of the text (for details, see Reiß 1976a) → this is a text of the operative type. In a satirical novel, authors also intend to win the readers over to their views, not only to inform them about such views. In such cases, the aesthetic organization of the content (novel = expressive text) is combined with a persuasive composition → this is a text of the operative type with an expressive secondary function or a text of the expressive type with an operative secondary function depending on the level of encoding which predominates. Download 1.78 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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