Towards a General Theory of Translational Action : Skopos Theory Explained
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Towards a General Theory of Translational Action Skopos Theory Explained by Katharina Reiss, Hans J Vermeer (z-lib.org) (2)
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- 12.7 The relevance of text types for translation
12.6 Amplification of the typology
Although they are presented in the written medium, source texts are often only one component of a complex offer of communication transmitted si multaneously or successively in more than one medium. Thus, it would be advisable to postulate a fourth text type for translation studies. This may not be as obvious from a monolingual standpoint as when we look at texts in their function as material for translation. In interpreting, for example, it is not just the language used but also the facial expressions and gestures which encap sulate the offer of information to be transferred. When translating oral speech (addresses and lectures, text for radio and television, films and theatre plays, etc.), it is important that the translatum can be spoken out loud. Written texts which provide a joint information offer that includes images (picture books, Katharina Reiß and Hans J. Vermeer 187 comics, slides and transparencies with text, etc.) or music (songs, musical comedies, etc.) are usually characterized by the mutual dependence of the various media used. These texts cannot be translated without due considera tion of this interdependence. They will therefore have to be categorized as a fourth type which (adopting Spillner’s suggestion to replace the former term ‘audiomedial’) we shall call a multimedial text type. This fourth type is a ‘hypertype’ which is superimposed over the three other basic types, each of which may occur in the form of a multimedial text. 12.7 The relevance of text types for translation At this point, we may stop to ask whether, in addition to the classification of genres, we need a classification of text types. Some translation scholars would deny the necessity of such a classification, particularly if they are mainly concerned with modern texts or texts which can be assigned to only one of the types defined above. These scholars prefer to stick to the traditional dichotomy between literary and nonliterary texts, which Schleiermacher ([1838]2004) strictly correlated with two very different translation methods. Within the framework of such a dichotomy, they are satisfied with a classification of genres. However, in the practice of translating, genre categories are by no means sufficient to explain, justify and describe different translation strategies, as Kelly (1979) aptly demonstrated in relation to translation functions. What Kelly claims regarding the three possible functions of target texts (based also on Bühler’s organon model, without giving separate consideration to the in fluence of multimedial communication on the conditions of and possibilities for translation), cannot be ignored with regard to the basic functions of source texts. A genre can be verbalized by different text types (although this is not a rule). The function of a begging letter (persuasive) is different from that of a letter telling us about travel experiences (informative) or from that of an aesthetically organized poetic letter (expressive, cf. example 19, 10.13.). As translators do not only deal with contemporary texts, we should also take into account that both the functions of texts and the traditions behind the wording may change over time. For example, due to the higher status of rhymed language in the Middle Ages, legal texts were often written in verse (aesthetic organization), which is why we would assign such texts to the ex pressive type today. Temporal distance may also be a reason for the function intended by the author only being accessible today to experts familiar with the period in question and not to modern readers. For ordinary readers (even if they can read the original), it may not be clear that Jonathan Swift wrote his Gulliver’s Travels as a satire on contemporary social ills (expressive type with operative secondary function). As they are not able to identify the aim of the satire, they are more likely to read the text as a fantastic adventure story (expressive type), and this is how the book is translated today. Thus, there are two reasons why we think a classification of source texts Text type and translation 188 is justified and necessary, not only with regard to genres but also with regard to text types. Download 1.78 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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