Towards a General Theory of Translational Action : Skopos Theory Explained
Dealing with genre conventions in translation
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Towards a General Theory of Translational Action Skopos Theory Explained by Katharina Reiss, Hans J Vermeer (z-lib.org) (2)
11.5.4 Dealing with genre conventions in translation
We have characterized genre conventions ( 11.4.) as identifying features, as triggers of expectations and as guiding signals for text comprehension. Conse- quently, there are two questions we should ask in every translation process: (1) Can these three functions be preserved in the target text? Depending on whether or not the target culture has the same genre conventions as the source culture ( 11.2.3.), the translator will opt for reproducing the conventions of the source culture in the target text or for replacing them by target-culture conventions, or even by introducing new conventions in the target text. (2) Should the source-culture conventions be preserved in the target text if this is basically possible? The answer depends on the translation purpose and the choice of the most appropriate translation type for this purpose, on the one hand, and on what Toury (1980a) calls ‘translational norms’, i.e. the norms guiding the translator’s behaviour, on the other hand. It seems to be the norm, at least in our (Western) cultures, that, when trans- lating pragmatic texts of the informative or operative type, translators adapt the text to target-culture genre conventions because this is what they are expected to do; this means that, for texts intended for practical communicative purposes, they will choose a translation of the commu- nicative type. It also seems to be the norm that, when translating texts of the expressive type, there is a tendency to reproduce the source-culture conventions, at least as far as genre conventions are concerned, which are not very strict for this type of text in any event. This means that, in this case, translators would opt for a ‘philological translation’ ( 10.5.2.). Authors of expressive texts, particularly of literary works of art, tend to avoid the well-trodden paths of conventional style in order to give their text a more individual touch (cf. Spillner 1980: 177). This again involves many interconnected factors which do not really make it easier for the translator to deal with the problem of genre conventions in translation. Genre theory 176 a) Genre conventions, text types, translations As we have mentioned above, pragmatic texts are normally translated in or- der to be used for immediate communication, which, in the target culture, is guided by the conventions with which every recipient is familiar. Therefore, the communicative translation type would be the obvious choice; this means that the source-culture textualization conventions are replaced by those of the target culture. In extreme cases, the translation of informative texts (for which invariance of content is important to retain the functions of the source text) as well as of operative texts (for which it is vital that the intended persuasive effect remains the same) often requires considerable changes to the source text. This is confirmed by a professional translator (cf. Soellner 1980), who writes: The way in which a scientific and technical topic is presented in a German text is totally different from the French way of looking at it. […] This entails a shift of perspective, but also a substitution of certain content elements by others because the technical text is expected to correspond, as exactly as possible, to the French readers’ horizon of expectations and particularly to what they are ready to expect. 83 It would be worthwhile finding out for which genres and language pairs such considerable changes are necessary, or desirable, because conventions differ so greatly. The situation described by Soellner, in which the translator becomes an editor, independently re-verbalizing the source text content and even changing parts of it, calls for further study of the conditions involved (cf. also P. A. Schmitt 1986). In any case, this does not invalidate the demand for an exact reproduction of the content in the translation of informative texts but highlights the fact that the informative function of a text takes precedence over other functions. What is defined as ‘content’ has to be regarded in rela- tion to culture-specific background knowledge. It would also be interesting to study the extent to which the questions that we are discussing here can be answered directly by drawing on the translation skopos: Texts whose skopos is ‘documentary’ usually remain unchanged with regard to their formal com- position, whereas other texts are sometimes changed to such an extent that we may speak of a new verbalization of the intended sense (e.g. in the case of advertising texts, where the skopos is to achieve an optimum persuasive effect). As we have mentioned several times already, studies of text types and 83 Die Art und Weise, wie ein präzises technisch-wissenschaftliches Thema im Deutschen dargestellt wird, unterscheidet sich grundsätzlich von der französischen Betrachtungsweise. […] Das bedeutet eine Verschiebung der Perspektive, aber auch Substitution bestimmter Inhalte durch andere, weil der technische Text […] möglichst genau dem Erwartungshori- zont und vor allem der Erwartungsbereitschaft des Empfängers entsprechen soll. (Soellner (Soellner 1980: 199). |
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