Towards a General Theory of Translational Action : Skopos Theory Explained
Origin of the equivalence concept
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Towards a General Theory of Translational Action Skopos Theory Explained by Katharina Reiss, Hans J Vermeer (z-lib.org) (2)
10.2 Origin of the equivalence concept
Translation scholars have put forward various ideas about the origin of the concept of equivalence. Jäger (1968: �7) claims that it was borrowed from logic terminology because, for him, the discipline of logic is a prerequisite for a theory of bilingual translation. Later, Radó (1979) picked up on this idea, which made him give up the term ‘texteme’ for the characteristic elements of a text (like Toury 1980a, among others) in favour of ‘logeme’. Wilss, on the other hand, assumes that the concept was adopted from mathematics, where equivalence refers to a binary and reflexive relationship Katharina Reiß and Hans J. Vermeer 119 between the elements of (two) sets (cf. Wilss [1977]1982: 1�8, who quotes a prestigious German encyclopaedia). This concept of equivalence could only be applied to translation if it were limited to machine translation, where exact correspondences do indeed have to be established for each sourcetext element. This would make a ‘binary and reflexive’ relationship between sourcetext and targettext elements possible. Machine translation is (still) a long way from achieving this aim for anything other than highly standardized specialized texts, particularly in the more exact sciences. However, this concept has also been adopted by the theory of human translation, where it is absolutely impos sible to postulate exact correspondences as the only standard for equivalence, as Wilss himself admits (1981: 4�6). Thus, we believe that neither mathematical equivalence nor logical equiva lence, seen as a relationship between two statements “which are completely interchangeable; if one is true, so is the other; if one is false, so is the other”, 52 can be satisfactorily applied to the relationship between the source and target texts. What appears more promising is borrowing the equivalence concept from electrical engineering, which refers to two circuits of alternating current which, despite the differences in network structures, show the same external electrical behaviour for all frequencies (cf. Thévenin’s theorem, also Helm holtz’s equivalent circuit concept). We do not want to strain the analogy too much, but this definition can indeed be applied to translating and translations. The ‘differences in network structures’ may be compared with the differences in language use for text types, genres and individual texts which are caused by the structural differences of the two languages and differences with regard to situational and cultural conditions. Moreover, the ‘same electrical behav iour’ shown by these different ‘networks’ could be said to correspond to the desired ‘same degree of communicative and functional effect’ of the source and the target texts. The network metaphor would also be appropriate if we wanted to analyse the details of equivalence concepts used in TS, which must be clearly distin guished from those used in Contrastive Linguistics, as Koller (1979: 17691) rightly states. The various qualifications which can be found in TS literature for the term ‘equivalence’ (e.g. dynamic, formal, functional, semantic, referential, stylistic, effectrelated, etc.) demonstrate that textual equivalence consists of as many different elements as the text itself. Luhmann understands equivalence in terms of systems theory: “A and B are functionally equivalent if both are capable of solving problem X”. 5� This definition may be useful for translation theory because it accounts for potential equivalence (cf. Hubig in Hubig and Rahden 1978: 18). We can look at what 52 From Encyclopædia Britannica (2012) Encyclopædia Britannica Online, http://www. britannica.com [last accessed 6/04/2012]. (Translator’s note) 5� A und B sind funktional äquivalent, sofern beide geeignet sind, das Problem X zu lösen. (Luhmann 1970: 17) Equivalence and adequacy 120 actually happens when we replace X with a simple translational function, e.g. effect or sense, or a complex one, e.g. effectinagivensituation, whether or not the problem in question is ‘solved’. This would be a case of factual equivalence. We could thus also make a distinction between equivalence as a theoretical construct and equivalence as achieved in practice. Download 1.78 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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