Towards a General Theory of Translational Action : Skopos Theory Explained
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Towards a General Theory of Translational Action Skopos Theory Explained by Katharina Reiss, Hans J Vermeer (z-lib.org) (2)
10.7 Equivalence as a dynamic concept
Our definition above does not imply that equivalence is a static concept in translation theory. On the contrary, it is a dynamic concept, due to the very nature of translating and the different views on it over the course of history. A source text is written or published once. Translations, however, can be carried out more than once, as well as by different translators, just like a text may be received differently each time by different recipients. Moreover, different translators can interpret the source text, or parts of it, in different ways (the range of different interpretations varies from one text or text type to another). The prevailing taste of a certain era may demand particular characteristics in a translation (cf. Toury 1980a on “translational norms”). 60 […] systemkorrekte sprachliche Äußerung unter Berücksichtigung des Stadiums des Spracherwerbs (Königs 1979: 5�). Katharina Reiß and Hans J. Vermeer 129 For example, Martin Luther’s translation of the Bible may have been regarded as an equivalent target text in the 16th century, although we would not consider it equivalent for our times because of the profound changes the German language has undergone in its use since Luther’s times. To name but two examples, for Luther, the word Einsamkeit (‘loneliness’) meant what we would now call Zweisamkeit (‘togetherness’ [of two people]), and the word Weib (which for Luther simply meant ‘woman’) has acquired a negative connotation (and now means something like ‘hag’). For example: the translations of ancient plays, in which, according to the prevailing taste, the text world and the characters were radically adapted to the French environment of the time (the belles infidèles, cf. Mounin 1967: �7�9), may have been regarded as equivalent texts in 17th or 18thcentury France. Today, we would probably consider them travesties rather than equivalent target texts. In his adaptation of August Wilhelm Schlegel’s translation of Romeo and Juliet for a stage production in Weimar, Goethe wrote in 1812: My maxim was to bring together and harmonize the interesting aspects of the play because, due to his genius, the times and his audience, Shakespeare could (and even had to) combine all sorts of disharmoni ous buffoonery in order to please the spirit of his time. 61 Goethe refers to the constraints imposed on him by contemporary taste (cf. Heun 1965: 657�), thus touching on two interlinked translation problems: the expectations and demands of a given culture with regard to a text, on the one hand, and the diverging views with regard to translation, on the other. Our modern concept of translation is narrower than that which was common at the beginning of the 18th century. A similar case would be the liberties legitimately taken in the performance of musical compositions even today. Thus, equivalence between source and target texts can only be dis- cussed in light of the conditions under which the translation was produced (including the time factor), i.e. taking the ‘translational situation’ into account. 61 Die Maxime, der ich folgte, war das Interessante zu concentriren und in Harmonie zu bringen, da Shakespeare nach seinem Genie, seiner Zeit und seinem Publicum, viele disharmonische Allotria zusammenstellen durfte, ja mußte, um den damals herrschenden Theatergenius zu versöhnen. (Weimar edition of the Collected Works of Goethe in 147 (Weimar edition of the Collected Works of Goethe in 147 vols., 18871919, IV 22.2467, cited in Heun 1965: 12). Equivalence and adequacy 130 Therefore, we can agree with van den Broeck (1980: 82), who writes: Optimum translations, then, are such translations as meet communicative demands of a certain society at a certain time in the best possible way. By “optimum translations”, van den Broeck means exactly what we are refer ring to as ‘equivalent translation’. However, it is not only with regard to the past that we must consider equivalence to be a dynamic concept. In his discussion of the problem of translating the rather common German expression der Klub der fünf Weisen into English, Newmark (1981: 15657) explains that a version such as ‘West Germany’s Committee of top economic ex perts known as the Club of Five Wise Men’ may lead to a later literal translation. At that time, the explanatory paraphrase was regarded as equivalent because it only gained communicative value through explicitation, which made it as comprehensible for English readers as the original German expression was for German readers. Once English readers are familiar with this German institution, the explicitation will become obsolete. At this point, the Club of the Five Wise Men could be considered an equivalent expression. Thus, we would not speak of “zero equivalence”, as Wilss ([1977]1982: 149) did, if the English expression floating voter were to be translated into German by ‘Wechselwähler’. Wilss claims that such phenomena demonstrate “lexical gaps relative to SL [sourcelanguage] lexical items requiring adaptational transfer procedures in going from SL to TL [target language]”, i.e. they are examples of 1:∅ correspondence at language system level. We could argue, however, that the equivalence concept of langueoriented contrastive linguistics is being confused here with that of paroleoriented translation theory. If this expression were to be used in a text, textual equivalence would be achieved through adaptive translating, which is one possibility among various different translation procedures or techniques. Download 1.78 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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