Towards a General Theory of Translational Action : Skopos Theory Explained
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Towards a General Theory of Translational Action Skopos Theory Explained by Katharina Reiss, Hans J Vermeer (z-lib.org) (2)
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- 10.8.1 Examples
10.8 Text and textual equivalence
We shall assume, as explained above, that • the equivalence relationship in translation refers to equivalence between two texts and • we cannot speak of equivalence unless these two texts achieve functions of equal value within the culturespecific communicative events in which they are used. Katharina Reiß and Hans J. Vermeer 131 Therefore, we must now analyse in detail what textual equivalence is and how it can be produced or identified. 10.8.1 Examples Let us look at a few examples. (5) Ein jeder Engel ist schrecklich. (Rilke (Rilke, First Duino Elegy) (5a) Each single angel is terrible. (Trans. Leishman and Spender, 19�9) At first glance, these two text segments seem to be equivalent, even down to word level. For an informative text (e.g. the translation of a travel guide which describes some badly sculptured statues at the front of a building), this claim can even be sustained. But this is not the case if we look at the context in which this sentence appears. The elegy begins with the following lines: 62 Who, if I cried out, would hear me among the angels’ hierarchies? And even if one of them pressed me suddenly against his heart: I would be consumed in that overwhelming existence. For beauty is nothing but the beginning of terror […] (Trans. Stephen Mitchell 1992) These verses evoke a numinous dimension, to which the mundane English expression is terrible does not correspond. (Here, and in the discussion of the following examples, we shall tacitly assume that source and target texts are supposed to achieve the same function.) In comparison, the following transla tion achieves textual equivalence by taking into account the full context. (5b) Round every angel is terror. (Trans. Wydenbruck 1948) Another example: (6) Is life worth living? – It depends upon the liver! (6a) La vie, vautelle la peine? – C’est une question de foi(e). (Literally: Is life worth living? – It is a question of faith / (the) liver.) (Cited in Buzzetti 1976: 127) 62 Wer, wenn ich schriee, hörte mich denn aus der Engel / Ordnungen? Und gesetzt selbst, es nähme / einer mich plötzlich ans Herz: ich verginge von seinem / stärkeren Dasein. Denn das Schöne ist nichts als des Schrecklichen Anfang […]. Equivalence and adequacy 132 The French translation of the English pun is not equivalent at word level but fully equivalent at text level because it can achieve the same communicative function (that of a more or less witty pun playing on the homophony of foi, ‘faith’, and foie, ‘liver’) in the French culture as the original achieves in the source culture. It depends on the linguistic structures and the translator’s cre ativity whether a similar effect can be produced in another language. (6b) Ist das Leben lebenswert? – Das hängt von den Leberwerten ab. / Das kommt auf die Leberwerte an. / Das ist eine Frage der Leberwerte. (Literally: Is life worth living? – It depends on your liver values.) These solutions can still be regarded as almost equivalent, although the con notations of the medical terminology (liver values) are not in the original. But they also function as a pun. We can draw two conclusions from this example: (a) the possibility of achieving equivalence in a target text may be limited by the structural dif ferences between the two languages involved; (b) it is a matter of judgement whether the result is regarded as equivalent or not, as is shown by the three tentative solutions in (6b), which, among other things, reflect the fact that all natural languages are “variabilityoriented” (Wilss [1977]1982: 64). Value judgements – however numerous or objectivityoriented the arguments are that support them – cannot be avoided, but they should be intersubjectively as plausible as possible (even then, a trace of subjectivity will always remain in them). Cf. also Zimmer, who states: Here, we must venture into the delicate realms of judging. Judgements are not objectively quantifiable, but they should be able to claim inter subjective validity within a rather narrow range of tolerance. 6� Any attempt to eliminate this factor from translation studies would result in depriving the discipline of its specificity as a human, social and hermeneutic science. Such an attempt may be understandable from an epistemological point of view, but it has proved (so far?) to be an illusion (cf. Wilss 1981: 465), even more so as natural scientists have themselves come to doubt the possibility of achieving absolute objectivity and exactness because, in observing an object, the subject doing the observing interferes with the object and causes it to change (cf. von Weizsäcker 1957: 5859). 6� Hierbei muß der Schritt in den heiklen Bereich der Wertung gewagt werden. Diese Wertung ist nicht objektiv meßbar, sie muß aber innerhalb einer möglichst eng gesetzten Toleranzbreite Anspruch auf intersubjektive Gültigkeit erheben. (Zimmer 1981: 51) |
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