Towards a General Theory of Translational Action : Skopos Theory Explained
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Towards a General Theory of Translational Action Skopos Theory Explained by Katharina Reiss, Hans J Vermeer (z-lib.org) (2)
10.5.3 Adequacy in ‘adaptations’
The translation types mentioned above can be distinguished from one another based on the partial dimension which takes precedence over the others (from the word level up to the text level), and, in each case, the aim of the process is to produce an adequate translation. Only in the case of ‘creative’ translations is Equivalence and adequacy 126 equivalence at text level required as well. Similar considerations must be taken into account when the text is considered as a whole but it needs to be ‘adapted’ in some way because (a) the audience addressed by the target text does not correspond to that addressed by the source text, (b) the target text is intended to fulfil communicative purposes which are different from those fulfilled by the source text, or (c) one feature of the source text (or several features) is consciously and intentionally changed during the translation process. a) Translating for a different audience If a technical text which addresses an audience of experts in the source culture is translated for an audience of experts in the target culture, we can legitimately expect equivalence between the source and the target texts. The target text should have the same communicative value and achieve the same function in a communicative interaction between experts in the field. However, if a specialized text is popularized for a wider audience of nonexperts, textual equivalence can no longer be the aim. For laypeople who wish to learn about the subject, this text will be translated in such a way that it will allow them to understand the text although they do not have any specialized knowledge (about the topic and the terminology). The translator will select linguistic signs that are adequate for the intended readership, which differs from the intended audience of the source text in more than just language. Setting aside any other cultural differences, what is relevant here is the difference in the background knowledge between the two audiences with regard to the topic in question. This would also apply to cases such as a world literature novel written for an adult readership but translated for children or young readers. In this case, the target audience is different from the sourcetext audience. Consequently, equivalence cannot be achieved or even required; rather, the target text will strive for adequacy, i.e. the selection of linguistic material with regard to syn tax, semantics, pragmatics should be appropriate for a different audience. b) Translating for a different purpose Translations which are intended to be an aid to comprehension do not strive for equivalence. For example: in the prose translation of Persian poetry that Goethe commissioned as an ‘information about the source text’ in order to compose his West-Eastern Divan, the ‘poetic communication’ of the source text was turned into a simple transmission of content in the target text, cf. example (�). Furthermore, publishers who commission a short abstract of the contents of a foreignlanguage novel in order to decide whether or not to publish the book do not expect an equivalent text; rather, they expect an adequate summary Katharina Reiß and Hans J. Vermeer 127 which serves their purpose and inevitably involves a translation process. A final example would be a rough or ‘quick and dirty’ translation, which provides a general idea about the content and the structure of a source text without tak ing too much time. c) Change of genre The Spanish author Pedro Antonio de Alarcón wrote his short novel El Som- brero de Tres Picos, as he points out in his foreword, with the purpose of telling a bawdy Andalusian folktale in such a way that it would give no offence to the “ears of sheltered young ladies” ([1871]1974). The translator DrawsTychsen ( example (1)) obviously chose to ignore the author’s intention and, by using a large number of ribald and even vulgar expressions, changed Alarcon’s low key style to such an extent that the target text actually became a bawdy folktale again (cf. Reiß 1978a). Although the choice of vocabulary alters the genre, the translatum remains a translation; there is no equivalence between source and target text, but there is adequacy with regard to the translator’s goal. Along the same lines, it would be pointless to look for equivalence with the source text if a publisher were to commission a translation of Günter Grass’ novel The Tin Drum with the stipulation that the target text should be “readable and fluent” (this actually happened, cf. Der Übersetzer 1, 1977: 4). To turn a source text so full of “verbal barbs” (sprachliche Widerhaken) into a “readable and fluent” target text would require a translation which consciously alters cer tain characteristic features of the source text in an appropriate manner in order to comply with the brief. Once again, the main criterion for the translation process (and possibly for translation criticism) should not be equivalence but adequacy. This would also apply to subtitles in films and television programmes, which roughly reproduce the source texts (language, facial movements, gestures); they could be called adapting (intersemiotic) translations. Download 1.78 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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