Towards a General Theory of Translational Action : Skopos Theory Explained
Hierarchies of equivalence requirements
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Towards a General Theory of Translational Action Skopos Theory Explained by Katharina Reiss, Hans J Vermeer (z-lib.org) (2)
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- 10.13 Discussion of examples
10.12 Hierarchies of equivalence requirements
When analysing the source text, the translator tries to identify the text elements which should be given priority with regard to equivalence. As we have seen above, the hierarchy of individual values may differ according to text type, genre, and the individual text. For example: in order to achieve equivalence between the source and the target texts in translation, priority should be given to: • the reproduction of the train of thought in a philosophical essay; • the correct listing of the ingredients and clear instructions for the preparation of the dish in a recipe; • the contents and genre conventions (e.g. with regard to the opening and closing forms of address) in a business letter; • the aesthetic composition of the text in poetry; • the persuasive elements in advertising. Other equivalence requirements will then be dealt with in line with how the functional equivalence of individual elements can or should contribute to textual equivalence. 10.13 Discussion of examples In our discussion of examples (1) to (9), we have already demonstrated, although from a different perspective, that, occasionally, a particular feature of the source text must take precedence over the others in order to achieve textual equivalence. Equivalence and adequacy 144 (1�) The refrain from the poem we mentioned above, The Raven by E. A. Poe, is nevermore. According to the author, its dark, doomportending phoneme /o/ and the rolling phoneme /r/ (cf. Radó 1979: 190) were significant in his choice of the word. Apart from its semantic value, a translation should therefore try to (at least function ally) reproduce the sound value in the target language in order to be a communicative equivalent. But this is not possible in all languages. In the German translation, nevermore was rendered as nimmermehr, a semantic but not phonetic equivalent because, with the omission of the dark vowel /o/, the associations are lost as well. However, this loss can be compensated for, to a certain extent, by the parallelism of the intonation (nevermore / nímmerméhr) and the phonetic similarity of the morphemes more and mehr. For the target audience, the associations of doom triggered by the original refrain are replaced by an association of death and peremptoriness. This association is not the same but similar enough to that of the source text; it can therefore be regarded as appropriate with regard to the overall function of the text. In this sense, we agree with Bausch (197�: 611), who writes about the subjec tive factors influenced by the translator’s personality, but we would add the aspect of different linguistic and cultural structures: From this viewpoint, the prescriptive, or rather, idealized, concept of equivalence is transformed into a concept of approximation. 65 Thinking along these lines, it becomes clear why Ladmiral (1981: �9�) sug gests replacing the concept of equivalence with the concept of ‘approximation’. However, his proposal is not acceptable because, at least at text level, equiva lence can be achieved not only by approximation but also in absolute terms if the prevailing conditions in a particular language and culture pair permit it. It is essential to distinguish between equivalence at text level and equivalence at text segment level. (1�a) In the French translation of Poe’s Raven, the refrain has been rendered as jamais plus. Here, we can speak of semantic equivalence, but, due to the different structures in English and French, the passage is far from equivalent with regard to phonetics and prosody. In this case, the semantic component is given priority in an attempt to achieve equivalence of sense. However, the lack of phonetic equivalence should then be compensated for by an ‘equivalence shift’ (Kloepfer 1967: 117 calls it “versetztes Äquivalent”), in an attempt to trigger the phonetic associations in some other line of the poem where the target language permits it. 65 Der präskriptive, bzw. idealisierte textuelle Äquivalenzbegriff wird unter diesem Gesichtspunkt zum Annäherungsbegriff verändert. (Bausch 197�: 611) (Bausch 197�: 611) Bausch 197�: 611) |
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