Towards a General Theory of Translational Action : Skopos Theory Explained
Achieving textual equivalence in the translation process
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Towards a General Theory of Translational Action Skopos Theory Explained by Katharina Reiss, Hans J Vermeer (z-lib.org) (2)
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- 10.11 The text 10.11.1 The individual text
10.10 Achieving textual equivalence in the translation process
The factors shown in the model of the translation process (producer, recipient, text, text type, genre, context, culture, 10.9.) and their interrelations form the relevant ‘mesh’ which determines the production of both the source text and the target text. The translator is confronted with a (source) text in which Equivalence and adequacy 140 (to expand the metaphor) the knots and weft threads appear in the form of linguistic signs and their relations with one another and with the ‘world’. These linguistic signs guide the readers’ text comprehension, serving – if combined with their world knowledge in a given situation – as indicators of the influence the various factors may have had on the author’s linguistic choices. 10.11 The text 10.11.1 The individual text Apart from their expectations (e.g. preconceptions, prejudices), translators can only draw on the text in front of them to analyse the possible influence of the various factors on the author’s linguistic choices (why did the author choose precisely these signs?) in order to make sense of the text. Semiotically speaking, each source text (like any other text) has a semantic, a syntactic and a pragmatic dimension, which become manifest at different linguistic ‘levels’, from the grapheme or phoneme through morphemes, semantemes, and syntagmemes to the ‘texteme’, and contribute to the sense of the text. In a communicative event, we can distinguish between the content, form and sense of a text. A text ‘makes sense’ if it can be regarded as having a purpose (i.e. written with an intention, a skopos) in a given situation. Translata are texts. Even a translatum produced for the translator’s own pleasure, by expressing what was said and intended in one language satisfactorily in another language, has a purpose. At text level, sense takes precedence over content and form. For example: in an encyclopaedia, the ‘raven’ entry provides semantic and formal details which may not be appropriate for Edgar Allan Poe’s poem The Raven. The function of the text in the encyclopaedia is to convey information about a raven as a referent or object of communi cation. The function of The Raven is to convey a poetic version of the referent raven by means of an aesthetic arrangement of the linguistic signs chosen for this purpose. ‘Form’ refers to the overall composition of the text, including the conventions or norms the author complied with or breached (‘text form’), on the one hand, and its style (‘language form’), including both authorspecific and function specific features, on the other hand. However, content, form and sense are not only manifested in the verbal elements, i.e. in the body of the text, but also in the nonverbal and paraverbal elements, e.g. prosodic features like rhythm or metre. Furthermore, the elements at lower levels, which are common to all texts, have both denotative and connotative features and may also trigger Katharina Reiß and Hans J. Vermeer 141 associations, all of which can contribute to what we call the sense of the text. Denotative (referential) features are largely independent of individual lan guages; connotative features are, at least in part, supraindividual, whereas associations are predominantly individual. Even punctuation (cf. Newmark 1981: 17172) and spelling may convey sense. (11) Mitterand se ha presentado como el político de la resistencia (con y sin mayúscula). ((ABC, 22 May 1981: ‘Al llegar Mitterand’). (Literally: Mitterand has presented himself as a politician of the resist ance, with and without a capital R.) A literal translation into German (als Politiker des Widerstands, mit und ohne Großbuchstabe) would fail to communicate the sense because German nouns are always capitalized. A paraphrase would be more appropriate in this case: (11a) […] als Politiker des Widerstands und der Résistance because the French word Résistance is used in German to refer to a specific form of political resistance followed by the French against the German occupation. (12) He hoped the Lord might spare him long enough to see it. (D. Sayers: Have his carcass, 1960: �42) In this example, the capital letter in Lord indicates the reference to ‘God’ in stead of a nobleman of high rank. It is quite clear, that just replacing or ‘transcoding’ the verbal signs of the source text would only be possible in rare cases, due to the structural differ ences between the two languages, the different circumstances in which the two texts are used, and the contrast between the two cultures. It is usually necessary to rearrange the relations between the semantic and formal features from a functional perspective in such a way that the target text can achieve the same function in the target culture which is or was achieved by the source text in the source culture. In communicative translating, where textual equivalence is the aim, the ideal case would be to actually achieve functional equivalence between all the elements of the source and the target texts. But such a claim would never be made for this type of translation, even by the most extreme theory. In view of all the linguistic and cultural differences listed above, it would appear necessary to establish a hierarchy of equivalence levels. In this context, we would like to mention Nida’s concept of “dynamic equi valence”. Dynamic equivalence is achieved by choosing the “closest natural Equivalence and adequacy 142 equivalent, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style” (Nida and Taber 1969: 12). It comes very close to what we have called ‘functional equivalence’. It is interesting that Nida proposes this concept in connection with a particular type of Bible translation, which aims to produce a target text which would have the same communicative value for the target culture which the source text has (or had) for the source culture. Download 1.78 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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