Towards a General Theory of Translational Action : Skopos Theory Explained
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Towards a General Theory of Translational Action Skopos Theory Explained by Katharina Reiss, Hans J Vermeer (z-lib.org) (2)
10.14 Conclusions
The above examples show that equivalence between the source and target texts can exist at the various levels of a text as a communicative event. Due to the differences between languages and cultures, the individual elements below text level often cannot be kept unchanged or equally equivalent. In such cases, translators must first select the elements of a particular source text which they regard as ‘characteristic’ or functionally relevant (principle of selection) and then decide on the priority which should be assigned to them (principle of hierarchy). They must also identify the cases in which it does not make sense to strive for an equivalent rendering of a particular feature (in the prescientific stage, translators called this ‘sacrificing’ a feature, and the corresponding procedure was ‘the art of appropriate sacrifice’), and those in which they have to opt for either a compensation for, or a reproduction of, the feature in question in order to achieve an overall equivalence for the target text, i.e. so that it has an equal value with regard to its function in the com municative situation. Such decisions must always take into consideration the function which individual elements have for the text as a whole (the ability to do this is what we call translation competence with regard to communicative translating). To do this, they draw on the linguistic cotext ( examples 14, 18, 20), the situational context ( examples 19, 20), the sociocultural context of each text ( examples 19, 20), the classification of the text as belonging to a particular text type ( examples 5, 1�, 14, 18, 19) and genre ( examples 7, 15, 16, 18, 19), which highlights the function of a particular text in a communicative event. The decisions are also influenced by the structural differences between the two languages involved ( examples 6, 8, 11, 12, 1�, 18, 19, 20). Thus, equivalence can be proved to be a dynamic concept with regard to the relationship between a source and a target text. For each text (and for each of its elements, with regard to their importance for the sense and the func tion of the text as a whole), equivalence requires resetting the priority of all the factors influencing the translation process. It is the task of translators to select and prioritize all relevant factors, as well as part of their translational competence, which is more than just proficiency in the languages involved. The inevitable subjectivity of selecting and prioritizing factors is not arbitrary; rather, it is guided by the verbal signs present in the text and any factors which objectively influence the translation process in both the analysis phase and the reverbalization phase. This is the reason why a phenomenon like equivalence can be observed and described convincingly by drawing on intersubjective argu ments. Thus, the concept of equivalence has plenty of substance. Equivalence Equivalence and adequacy 154 is achieved between the source and target texts if the relationship between content and form in each text plays the same role and has the same function in the construction of meaning at text level. |
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