Towards a General Theory of Translational Action : Skopos Theory Explained
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Towards a General Theory of Translational Action Skopos Theory Explained by Katharina Reiss, Hans J Vermeer (z-lib.org) (2)
kommt, mahlt zuerst refers to a different setting (a mill instead of a bathroom),
it contains the functionally relevant elements and can be modified to fit the situation (wer zuerst kommt, badet zuerst). Therefore, it offers more possibil ities for achieving equivalence in the target text. Both syntax and semantics are changed, and yet the translation preserves the sense of the text, the aes thetic organization appropriate to the text type (by means of the proverb), as Katharina Reiß and Hans J. Vermeer 151 well as the text function (implicit description of the character). Therefore, by considering the text elements that take precedence in the hierarchy of values and play the most important role for this source text, version (19b) achieves a higher degree of textual equivalence than version (19a). In order to show how the mesh of relevant factors must be woven in differ ent ways, and how the priority given to equivalence requirements may have to be changed even within the same text, we shall discuss one last example in detail, again taken from Jean Webster’s novel Daddy-Long-Legs. It is wellknown that the English pronoun you always causes translation problems if the target culture has more than one pronominal form of address (factor: structural differences of cultures and languages). In German, it de pends on who addresses whom in which situation whether the informal Tform (du) or the more formal Vform (Sie) is chosen. Moreover, both forms may have different functions in the communicative interaction (factor: situational context, relationship between sender and recipient). The Tform can either express conventional behaviour (e.g. when used between young people of the same age, when used by an adult addressing a child, or in prayer), a high degree of familiarity (between peers), contempt, intentional disrespect or even an insult (in an asymmetrical relationship such as that between a manager and an employee), etc. It is therefore not irrelevant for textual equivalence whether the English you, in its function as form of address (and not as an impersonal pronoun), is translated by du or Sie. The two German translators of Daddy-Long-Legs chose completely differ ent strategies in this respect. We may ask, therefore, whether, in view of the tendency that all languages have towards variability and in view of all the sub jective factors influencing the translation process (individual style preferences, subjectivity of text interpretation, etc.), the two strategies are acceptable and equivalent to the source text, or whether it is possible to find arguments (based on our factor model) for an objective, or at least intersubjective, assessment of the translators’ subjective decisions, by judging the degree of equivalence achieved in each case. As we have already mentioned, the text is an epistolary novel which consists, after a brief sketch of the background, of a series of letters written by Judy, who grew up in an orphanage, to her unknown benefactor, from whom she has received a college scholarship, over a period of four years. In the English text, the sender, the recipient, and the form of address remain the same, although the relationship between the sender and the recipient changes over the course of time. It would make perfect sense to use the Vform from the beginning but then to switch to the Tform in the last letter, after their first personal encounter, in which Judy finds out that she has known and loved her benefactor for quite some time, although under a different name. However, neither of the two translators opts for this solution. In BoeschFrutiger’s trans lation, Judy changes to the Tform in her first letter from college, whereas in Equivalence and adequacy 152 Boveri’s translation, this happens after many letters, a full six months later. In order to assess the degree of equivalence in the two translations, we have to consider not only the sender and the recipient but also both the linguistic cotext and the situational context. In the brief background description preced ing the letters, we read that the matron of the orphanage had enjoined Judy to bear in mind that [t]hese monthly letters are absolutely obligatory on your part: they are the only payment that Mr. Smith requires […]. I hope that they will always be respectful in tone and will reflect credit on your training. You must remember that you are writing to a Trustee of the John Grier Home. (Webster 1967: 6) In view of this admonishment (factor: linguistic macrocontext), the German reader would be puzzled if the 18yearold Judy (factor: the sender) were to change from a formal to an informal form of address without any particular reason in the very first letter. (20) So I’ve decided to call you Dear DaddyLongLegs. I hope you don’t mind. (Webster 1967: 9) (Webster 1967: 9) (20a) Und somit habe ich mich dazu entschlossen, Sie in Zukunft mit ‘lieber DaddyLongLegs’ anzureden. Hoffentlich hast Du, liebes Vä terchen, nichts dagegen. (Trans. BoeschFrutiger 1970: 22, emphasis added) In Boveri’s translation, Judy (factor: the sender) does not give up the more formal Sie until much later, when during an illness (contrary to the original arrangement) she receives a bouquet of flowers and a getwell message (fac tor: the situational context), the first and only handwritten personal note from her unknown benefactor. (21a) Thank you, Daddy, a thousand times. Your flowers make the first real, true present I ever received in my life. […] Now that I am sure you read my letters, I’ll make them much more interesting. (Webster (Webster 1967: 25) (21b) Ich danke, Daddy, tausendmal. Deine Blumen sind das erste wirkliche Geschenk, das ich bisher in meinem Leben bekam […]. Jetzt, da ich sicher bin, daß Du meine Briefe auch liest, werde ich sie viel interessanter machen. (Trans. Boveri, (Trans. Boveri, 1979: 45, emphasis added) In her happiness over the unexpected sign of personal sympathy Judy feels confident that addressing the unknown benefactor by du would not mean to Katharina Reiß and Hans J. Vermeer 153 disregard the respect she owes him, as he has now become something like a friend. This solution is psychologically much more convincing and achieves textual equivalence with the source text. Download 1.78 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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