Towards a General Theory of Translational Action : Skopos Theory Explained
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Towards a General Theory of Translational Action Skopos Theory Explained by Katharina Reiss, Hans J Vermeer (z-lib.org) (2)
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- 11.0.2 Fundamental concepts of genre theory
11. Genre theory
11.0 Introduction 11.0.1 Preliminary remarks In this chapter, we shall take genre as a case in point to show how the general theory discussed above can be extended for specific purposes. There is usually more than one approach to a theoretical or practical problem. An analysis of the genre phenomenon may shed a new light on the function-orientedness of translation which is at the heart of our theory. This chapter will again begin with cases in which the target text is supposed to achieve the same function as the source text, but the conclusions drawn from these cases will later be relativized by applying them to cases where there is a change of function. It will become clear that the discussion of genre addresses the correlation between translation skopos ( 4.) and translation strategy ( 3.) from a new perspective, leading to an analogous result. 11.0.2 Fundamental concepts of genre theory The phenomenon of text genre (in German: Textsorte), which has been dis- cussed at length in linguistics and literary studies, has not been given much attention in translation studies so far. Koller (1979), for example, does not even list the term in his index, whereas Wilss ([1977]1982) uses it rather fre- quently, without however discussing the concept in detail, let alone defining it. This may be due to the fact that it cannot be the task of translation studies to develop a genre theory of its own and that linguistics has not yet produced a generally accepted definition of genre. “The terrible tragedies of science are the horrible murders of beautiful theories by ugly facts”, said W. A. Fowler. In what follows, we shall take care to make our theoretical considerations compatible, as far as possible, with the “ugly facts” of translation practice. On the whole, the phenomenon of genre is too important to be excluded from a theory of translational action and to be left to intuition (cf. Lux 1981: “A part of a text’s identity consists in its belonging to a particular genre”. 67 ) The new subdiscipline of text linguistics had hardly become established in modern linguistics when the problem of text classification increasingly shifted to the centre of attention. Starting from the observation that existing text specimens are confusingly variable, although this diversity is obviously not arbitrary, the attempt was and has been made to analyse the patterns in textual 67 Ein Teil der Identität eines Textes besteht in seiner Textsortenzugehörigkeit. (Lux (Lux 1981: 273) Genre theory 156 language use, text composition and the specific characteristics of texts in order to determine whether they could serve as a basis for classifying sets of texts and ultimately developing a systematic approach to the entire ‘cosmos’ of texts. This has proved to be a thorny issue because every effort to describe or define concepts like text, text genre, text class, text type, etc. has been hampered by the unsystematic use of these terms, although (or perhaps even because) a wide range of linguistic subdisciplines dealing with texts and their applications has a vital interest in this phenomenon. This situation (already lamented by Reiß 1976b) has not changed over the past few years. Again and again, we have observed that scholars coming from various fields of text studies, or even from the same field, miss each other’s point, or that studies dealing with text classification are misinterpreted because they use terms which are not defined (or not definable?) in a general way and are therefore understood differently. In order to avoid possible misunderstandings as far as possible, we shall first state in which sense we are going to use some of these terms. (1) The expression text group will be used for any set of texts which do not share any linguistic characteristic apart from their ‘textuality’ but are grouped together for some purpose or other, e.g. group A, group B, etc. in a collection of texts. (2) By text class, we mean any set of texts based on a coherent classification. (3) Genre (German: Textgattung) used to be confined to literary studies, where it was the term employed for any category of literary work, such as comedy or science fiction. 68 (4) Text variety (German: Textart) is understood to be a semiotic concept employed to distinguish texts produced within different sign systems, e.g. visual vs. verbal, written vs. oral, text in Morse code or musical scores. (5) Text domain (German: Textbereich) refers to verbal texts sharing at least one characteristic feature, e.g. fiction, prose, pragmatic texts, poetic texts, etc. It does not refer to stylistic classifications based on functions, like expository texts, narrative texts, instructive texts, etc. (6) In this book, ‘text type’ is used exclusively in the sense explained above ( 10.3.) for a classification based on the fundamental universal forms of textuality in human communication: transmission of content, aesthetically organized transmission of content, persuasively organized transmission of content and (combined with a mixture of text varieties) multimedial transmission of the three basic types, i.e. a classification according to the number and kind of levels at which a text is encoded (cf. Reiß [1971]2000 and 1976a). 68 In English, the term genre has of late been extended to non-literary texts (in German: Textsorte), replacing the term text type, which had been used for this text category before (cf. Basil Hatim and Ian Mason (1990) Discourse and the Translator, London: Longman). We will therefore use genre for both literary and non-literary incidences of text classifica- tion. ((Translator’s note) Katharina Reiß and Hans J. Vermeer 157 (7) The concepts of genre, genre variant and genre class will be dealt with in detail in the following section. Download 1.78 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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