Towards a General Theory of Translational Action : Skopos Theory Explained
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Towards a General Theory of Translational Action Skopos Theory Explained by Katharina Reiss, Hans J Vermeer (z-lib.org) (2)
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- 11.2.1 General definition
- 11.2.2 Expansion of the general definition
11.2 Genre definitions
As a result of his discussion of register linguistics and other pragmatics-oriented forms of genre studies, Lux (1981) offers a definition in his concluding sec- tion “What then are text genres?” Although this definition is rather general, it seems to be appropriate for a “realistic genre linguistics which attempts to encompass everything that is intuitively regarded as genre” (1981: 247). Lux criticizes register linguistics mainly for not making a distinction between text genres and action types. He holds the view that there is a correlation between the two but that they are not identical. 11.2.1 General definition Lux defines ‘genre’ as follows: A text genre is a relevant class of coherent verbal texts, acknowledged by competence, whose constitution, range of variation and application within a context and accompanying action types are subject to certain rules. A part of a text’s identity consists in its belonging to a particular genre. Formally, a genre can be described as a combination of features (whose number is defined for each genre separately) belonging to classificatory dimensions which are grouped according to the three fundamental semiotic aspects of a text (mapping of the world, com- municative function, individual structure). 71 11.2.2 Expansion of the general definition As stated above, it cannot be the task of a theory of translational action to develop its own genre theory. We shall therefore adopt Lux’s definition for our considerations because it is the most convincing one at present, adding specifi- cations and expansions where additional arguments from other scholars or our own intuition (another name for linguistic competence) or observations seem to suggest them. Our focus will be on those considerations and results which (in spite of their tentativeness, particularly with regard to genre linguistics) promise useful insights for translators and their work. In line with Pörksen (1974: 219), we therefore regard genres as supra-individual types of speech 71 Eine Textsorte ist eine im Bereich der kohärenten verbalen Texte liegende kompetentiell anerkannte und relevante Textklasse, deren Konstitution, deren Variationsrahmen und deren Einsatz in Kontext und umgebenden Handlungstypen Regeln unterliegen. Ein Teil der Identität eines Textes besteht in seiner Textsortenzugehörigkeit. Formal läßt sich eine Textsorte beschreiben als Kombination von Merkmalen (deren Zahl für jede Textsorte einzeln festgelegt ist) aus Klassifikationsdimensionen, die nach den drei semiotischen Grundaspekten des Textes (Abbildung von Welt, kommunikative Funktion, Eigenstruktur) gruppiert sind. (Lux 1981: 273) Genre theory 160 and writing acts associated with recurring communicative activities in which repeated occurrence has led to the development of characteristic patterns of language use and text composition. (Cf. Lux 1981: 273: “A part of a text’s identity consists in its belonging to a particular genre”. 11.2.1.) Cherubim and Henne state that specific genres, which are defined by the pragmatic conditions of their respective use (‘discourse context’), constitute socially determined communicative and actional schemata, which are learned and internal- ized in the process of language acquisition. 72 What we find most interesting in this statement is that the authors refer to “communicative schemata” and to the acquisition of competence by each speaker (cf. Lux 1981: 273: “text class acknowledged by competence”). We assume, however, that this statement is not valid for all genres and can be applied, in most cases, only to the recognition and not to the independent production of genres. Early on, Gniffke-Hubrig suggested the following definition which, how- ever, is limited to pragmatic texts: Linguistics groups texts that have developed as established forms of public and private communication as ‘genres’. […] Each written use of language is guided by certain rules which have developed historically in accordance with the purpose of the text. 73 Glinz points out that “Genres are crystallized forms (patterns) in certain typical constellations of human interaction”. 74 Similarly, Lux (1981: 273) states that classes of texts, whose constitution, range of variation and applica- tion within a context and accompanying action types are subject to certain rules. 75 72 […] daß spezifische, jeweils unter pragmatischen verwendungsbedingungen (“Redekonstellationen”) abgegrenzte textsorten gesellschaftlich determinierte kommuni- kations- und handlungsschemata darstellen, die beim spracherwerb als sozialisationsprozeß jeweils gelernt und internalisiert werden. (Cherubim and Henne 1973: 60-1) 73 Zu “Textsorten” faßt man in der Linguistik Texte zusammen, die sich als feste Formen öffentlicher und privater Kommunikation herausgebildet haben […] Jeder schriftliche Sprachgebrauch folgt Regeln, die sich dem Zweck des Textes entsprechend historisch ausgebildet haben. (Gniffke-Hubrig 1972: 39) 74 Textsorten sind festgewordene Formen (Muster) in gewissen Konstellationen menschli- cher Interaktion überhaupt. (Glinz 1973: 83) 75 [Eine Textsorte ist eine] Textklasse, deren Konstitution, deren Variationsrahmen und deren Einsatz in Kontext und umgebenden Handlungstypen Regeln unterliegt. (Lux 1981: 273). Katharina Reiß and Hans J. Vermeer 161 However different the scope of these definitions may be (and none of them contradicts the general definition quoted above), they all share the following concepts: patterns of language use, communicative schemata, established forms, and rules of language use which have developed historically and which are acknowledged by competence. This not only means that competent speakers are proficient with regard to vocabulary and the rules of grammar of a language in order to express themselves adequately according to the situation but also that language-use proficiency (i.e. cultural competence) includes the (learned or intuitive) knowledge of genre patterns; and this very fact is the reason why genre is an important phenomenon for any translator. The common ideas about genre proposed by genre linguists which we mentioned above, are so widely accepted that they can be regarded as the only authoritative point of reference for translatological considerations. We shall call them ‘conventions’. Rather than the term ‘norm’, which is used in some publications, we prefer the term ‘convention’ because it seems to refer to the broader concept, tak- ing into account that conventions develop over time, whereas the concept of ‘norm’ emphasizes the prescriptive aspect. Violations of norms are usually sanctioned; obsolete conventions may be replaced by new ones, and more easily than norms can be. Let us add a comment on genre denominations. It is not unusual to find various synonymous denominations for one genre. These is because they may have originated at different moments in the history of a language community or belong to different traditions, or because the advent of new publication media has led to the creation of a new name for a genre whose traditional denomina- tion still remains in use. Some genres belonging to the genre class ‘notice’ may also be called ‘announcement’ or ‘advert’, ‘advertisement’ or simply ‘ad’, according to where they are published and which additional features they have. Apart from the traditional denomination ‘summary’, we now also use ‘abstract’, and what used to be called a ‘treatise’ would be called ‘essay’ or ‘paper’ today, while ‘treatise’ is still used for medieval scholarly texts. On the other hand, certain traditional genre denominations have been retained although they do no longer correspond to the modern forms, e.g. a master craftsman’s diploma is still called Meisterbrief in German although it no longer has the form of a letter (Brief) and belongs to the genre class ‘diploma’. Download 1.78 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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