Towards a General Theory of Translational Action : Skopos Theory Explained
particularly useful. As mentioned before, no one will expect a translator to
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Towards a General Theory of Translational Action Skopos Theory Explained by Katharina Reiss, Hans J Vermeer (z-lib.org) (2)
particularly useful. As mentioned before, no one will expect a translator to master the conventions of all pragmatic texts, but translators should at least know that they exist and that there may be differences between the source and the target culture. Moreover, they should be able to use parallel-text analysis ( 11.5.3.b) in order to learn about the converging or diverging conventions of the genres they have not yet dealt with during their training or in professional practice. Trainee translators can be trained successfully in the methods for such comparative analysis using short, simple genres, which are particularly appropriate for the translation classroom even though they may not be typical 76 Z.B. die Textsorte “Roman” [ist] in Bezug auf die Möglichkeit, eingebettete Textsorten aufzunehmen, außerordentlich tolerant; die Textsorte “Predigt” ist schon erheblich re- striktiver, und Textsorten wie “Rezept” erlauben überhaupt keine Einbettungen. (Lux (Lux 1981: 225) Katharina Reiß and Hans J. Vermeer 163 material in professional practice, e.g. wedding announcements (Spillner 1981), obituaries (Reiß [1977]78), weather reports, etc. c) Complementary genres In the context of translation, we can identify another kind of genre which we shall call ‘complementary genres’ (cf. Reiß 1976a, where they are named “secondary genres”). We shall deal with them in some detail at this point because we do not intend to mention them again. Complementary genres always require the existence of a particular primary text. Implementing rules, summaries, reviews, parodies, travesties, etc. are examples of complementary genres. An adequate translation of such texts is not really possible unless the translator has access to the primary text; sometimes a translation of the secondary text does not make sense unless the primary text has been translated for the target-text readers as well. For example: the translation of a summary will probably cause the least difficulties. Its correlative is a primary text which has been sum- marized, and the general genre conventions (consisting in the rules of composition, exact bibliographical references of the primary text, and exclusion of anything that does not have its origin in the primary text) had already been respected by the author of the source text. In this case, neither the translator nor the target readerships need to be familiar with the primary text. With a review, the situation is different. A review is the correlative of a primary text which is discussed and assessed. One of the most important conventions for this genre is probably that the reviewer must constantly refer to the primary text, especially for verbatim quotations, and provide an explicit evaluation. In this case, it is helpful for the translator to know the primary text as well (especially for the transla- tion of the quotations) and it is particularly helpful if the primary text is available in translation. It is unlikely that implementing rules would be translated without a translation of the corresponding primary text (law, decree, etc.) at the same time, and the translation of a parody or travesty without their respective primary texts makes little sense. A parody is the correlative of a primary text whose form is retained while the content is changed in order to produce a comical, critical or polemical distance. Contrary to a widely accepted view, it is not only aesthetic works of art which serve as primary texts for a parody but also pragmatic texts (legal texts, wills, recipes, etc., for example in political satire). One of the most important conventions for this complementary genre is the reproduction of the specific language use and formal com- position of the primary text which are then filled with an inadequate new content. If the target readership is not familiar with the content Genre theory 164 and the specific linguistic and formal characteristics of the primary text, they will not be able to recognize the parody in the translation but will mistake the parody for a primary text. This is particularly true for works of art which are well-known in the source culture, whereas the characteristic genre conventions of pragmatic texts may facilitate the identification of the translatum as a complementary text. A travesty is the correlative of a primary text in which the content is retained while the form is changed (e.g. Little Red Riding Hood retold in the form of a police report). In this case, one of the fundamental genre conventions consists in the assumption that the primary text can be recognized by its content whereas its verbal composition is governed by the conventions of a different genre. This complementary genre loses its function in the target culture if the recipients are not familiar with the primary text, unless this primary text is also available in translation. Download 1.78 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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