Towards a General Theory of Translational Action : Skopos Theory Explained
Conventions in genre classes, genres and genre variants
Download 1.78 Mb. Pdf ko'rish
|
Towards a General Theory of Translational Action Skopos Theory Explained by Katharina Reiss, Hans J Vermeer (z-lib.org) (2)
11.3.4 Conventions in genre classes, genres and genre variants
The necessity for this differentiation may best be explained using simple pragmatic texts, which can easily be reduced to single speech acts, although linguistics has abandoned the idea that Searle’s speech act theory can be used as the only distinctive criterion for genre, not only with regard to sentences but also with regard to sections of text and entire texts (cf. Sandig 1973). For example, the genre ‘notice’ may be defined as a complex act of commu- nication (or the result of a complex act of communication), whose primary communicative intention is expressed by the performative phrasal verb to give notice. It is irrelevant whether or not this phrasal verb is explicitly mentioned Katharina Reiß and Hans J. Vermeer 167 in the notice. Each notice, as a whole and in all its parts, can be paraphrased by the formula I / we hereby give notice of / that … According to Wunderlich (1972b: 132), adverbs like hereby (in this kind of co-text) are an unmistakable indicator of a performative utterance. In modern everyday language, to give notice and the corresponding noun notice refer to a small written or printed personal or public announcement often published in newspapers or magazines, or any other public medium, promot- ing a product, service or event. This definition, would have to be expanded to include individual printed cards because, for certain variants of the genre ‘notice’ (such as marriage notices or birth notices), an announcement through personal posting is a common, if not the only, form of communication, at least in Germany. The categorization of the notice as a genre class is justified by the fact that, according to the ‘object of reference’ (cf. Lux 1981 on the “referential dimension”), we can identify different genres which, apart from the general conventions applicable to all notices, present their own specific conventions with regard to language and text composition, e.g. marriage notice, birth notice, event notice, sale notice, obituary notice, etc. If, in addition to this, we find further conventions that vary according to the commissioner (in the case of obituary notices: the family, company or official institution), or the medium (in the case of weather reports: a newspaper, radio or television), we can speak of ‘genre variants’. A similar distinction can be made in many other pragmatic genres. The term ‘instructions’, for example, refers to a genre class including service in- structions, operating instructions, etc. The genre class ‘contract/agreement’ with its general conventions (stating the rights and duties of a minimum of two parties, indicating the place of jurisdiction, suability, etc.) includes genres such as tenancy agreement, purchase contract, employment contract, trade agreement, etc., with their respective specific conventions of language use and text configuration. The genre class ‘minutes’ also has general conventions (e.g. the exact specification of the time and place of an event, of the persons involved and any witnesses and their statements), whereas the linguistic patterns differ according to the area involved: jurisdiction, industry, academic institutions, etc. Genre classes (with shared conventions) and the genres they include (with additional specific conventions) cannot only be identified in pragmatic texts and literary non-fiction like memoirs, biographies, letters, editorials, essays, diaries (Belke 1973 speaks of “literarische Gebrauchsformen”) but also in aesthetically organized literary texts. This is illustrated by conventional de- nominations (like ‘novel’ or ‘short story’) which show that, in the production of these genres, authors observe certain conventions of language use and text configuration, and that the competent reader associates more or less exact ideas regarding the content and/or the composition of the texts with these character- istics. Within the limits of what is usually called artistic or poetic license, the Genre theory 168 text should fulfil these expectations in order to conform to its denomination. Generally speaking, apart from in cases of innovation and creativity, tradition and conventionality also play a part in literary works of art to the extent that we may observe recurrent linguistic and stylistic choices and certain principles of aesthetic configuration (e.g. stereotypical repetitions in epic poems, dialogue forms in dramas, or canonical patterns of composition in poems like sonnets), which, due to their recurrence and relative stability, deserve the description of genre conventions. As Sowinski points out: Genres may be described as typical recurrent communicative patterns which correspond to literary tradition, on the one hand, and social norms of verbal behaviour, on the other. 78 Accordingly, in literary genres, conventions are based on (culture-specific) traditions, whereas, in non-literary genres, they are formed by “communicative usage” (Sowinski 1973: 112: kommunikativer Usus). Novels will therefore form a genre class including the genres ‘historical novel’, ‘science fiction’, ‘suspense fiction’, ‘epistolary novel’, etc. Within the genre of suspense fiction, we can then distinguish between detective novels and crime thrillers. Accordingly, a comprehensive typology of genre classes, genres and genre variants would be a useful tool for the translator. Download 1.78 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
Ma'lumotlar bazasi mualliflik huquqi bilan himoyalangan ©fayllar.org 2025
ma'muriyatiga murojaat qiling
ma'muriyatiga murojaat qiling