Unit 1 the simple present s + V(e)s + O

Positive sentence → S + auxiliary verb+ too

My friend is happy today. I am too

Positive sentence → So + auxiliary verb + S

My friend is happy today. So am I

Negative sentence → S auxiliary verb + not + either

My friend is not happy today. I am not either.

Negative sentence → Neither/Nor + auxiliary verb + S

My friend is not happy today. Neither am I / Nor am I
Examples: John went to the cinema and Sue did too.
So did Sue.
John didn’t go to the cinema and Sue didn’t either .
Neither/Nor did Sue.

3. 
   Biz gapni ikki marta takrorlamaslik uchun ba’zi fe’llardan keyin <<so>> so’zini ishlatamiz:
   

“Are those people English” ”I think so” (= I think they are English)
“Do you think it is going to rain?” “ I hope so/ I hope not ”
I think so → I don’t think so
I expect so → I don’t expext so
I hope so → I hope not
I am afraid so → I am afraid not
I guess s0 → I guess not
I suppose so → I don’t suppose so / I suppose not

UNIT 21.GERUND AND INFINITIVE

1. 
   Gerundiyaning ishlatilish holatlari.
   

1. 
   Gerundiya –bu fe’lning V_ing shaklidir.Quyidagi fe’llardan keyin doimo gerundiya ishlatiladi:
   

admit	delay	fancy	postphone	risk
appreciate	deny	imagine	practise	report
avoid	delay	involve	recollect	resist
be worth	dislike	keep	resume	quit
can’t stand	enjoy	miss	resent	suggest
consider	finish	mind	recall

I don’t fancy going out this evening.

I can’t imagine George riding a motorbike.

2. 
   Frazali fe’llar , predloglardan keyin hamisha gerundiya ishlatiladi:
   

Paula has given up smoking.
He left without speaking.

3. 
   Gerundianing Passive Voiceda ishlatilishiga e’tibor bering:
   

Active : I don’t mind people keeping me waiting.
Passive : I don’t mind being kept waiting .

4. 
   Quyidagi birikmalardan keyin gerundiya ishlatiladi:
   

I t’s no use …
It’s no good …
There is no point in …
It’s worth…
Have difficulty … V ing
A waste of money/ time …
Spend/ waste time …
Go + Ving
Be busy
I spend hours trying to repair the clock.
I waste a lot of time having a bath.
I go shopping/ swimming …

5. 
   Perception verbs(Idrok fe’llari)—dan keyin to’ldiruvchi kelsa, undan keyin yoki gerundiya yoki fe’lning oddiy shakli ishlatiladi:
   

listen See W atch Ving(biror ish-harakatning davom etayotganini ko’rsatib beradi) S + Observe O + Notice V1( ish-harakatning boshidan oxirigacha sodir bo’lishini ifodalaydi) Hear feel

I saw John crossing the road .
I saw John cross the road.
I felt the train moving (continuing action)
move (completed action)

6. 
   Quyidagi ikkita fe’ldan so’ng to’ldiruvchi kesa , gerundiya ishlatiladi:
   

S + smell / find + O + Ving

Can you smell something burning.
I found him reading a paper.

2. 
   Infinitive shaklining ishlatilish holatlari;
   

1. 
   Infinitive—fe’lning <1 >> shaklidir. Quyidagi fe’llardan keyin infinitive ishlatiladi:
   

agree	Beg	Fail	Manage	Seem	Would like
Arrange	Calim	Help	Prepare	Tend	Would prefer
Afford	choose	Happen	Plan	Threaten	Would hate
Appear	Dare	Hope	Promise	Want
Ask	Deserve	Learn	Pretend	Wait
aim	expect	mean	refuse	Would love

I would love to go abroad .

2. 
   

seem to be Ving S + pretend appear to have V3

You seem to be losing weight. I pretend to be reading .
to have lost weight. to have read
NOTE: Odatda fe’lning infinitive + P.P shakli o’tgan zamonda sodir bo’lgan ish-harakatni iifodalaydi.

3. 
   Dare –(jur’at qilmoq) fe’lidan keyin <>ishlatsa ham , ishlatmasa ham bo’laveradi
   

S + dare + (to) V1

I wouldn’t dare (to) ask him.

Ammo <<dare not>> shaklidan keyin “to” ishlatilmaydi:

I dare not tell him what happened.

4. 
   Soroq so’zlardan keyin fe’lning infinitive shakli ishlatiladi:
   

S + V + (O) + question word + to + V1 + O

Can you show me how to change the film in this camera?
He’ll tell you what to do.

5. 
   Quyidagi fe’llardan keyin 2 xil shakl ishlatiladi:
   

Ask beg expect help mean would like/love/ prefer/hate

S + these verbs + to + V + O

S + these verbs + O + to V

He doesn’t want to know He doesn’t want anybody to know

6. 
   Quyidagi fe’llardan so’ng to’ldiruvchi kelib, undan keyin fe’lning infinitive shakli ishlatiladi.
   

tell remind force enable (=encourage) persuade
order warn invite teach get(=persuade)

S + these verbs + O + to V

He warned me not to touch anything.

7. 
   Quyidagi fe’llarning 2 xil shakli mavjud.
   

Advise forbid allow recommend encourage permit

S + these verbs + V ing + O

S + these verbs + O +to V1

She doesn’t allow smoking in the house She doesn’t allow us to smoke in the house.

3. 
   Gerund or Infinitive
   

1. 
   Like—fe’li “rohatlanmoq” ma’nosida ishlatilsa, undan keyin fe’lning gerundiya shakli ishlatiladi, bordiyu biror ish qilishni shunchaki “yoqtirmoq” ma’nosida esa fe’lning infinitive shakli ishlatiladi:
   

• 
  I like getting up early (=enjoy)
  
• 
  I like to get up early (=like)
  

2. 
   Quyidagi fe’llardan keyin infinitive ishlatiladi:
   

w ould like would love to V + O would hate wouldprefer

• 
  I ‘d love to be able to travel round .
  

NOTE: Quyidagi birikmali fe’llardan keyin “ to have to “ ishlatilsa, biror ishni qilmaganimdan afsusdaman, jon deb qilgan bo’lardim degan ma’noda ishlatiladi:

w ould like would love to have V 3+ O would hate wouldprefer

• 
  I’d like to have seen Susan
  
• 
  I’d love to have gone to the party but it’s impossible.
  

3. 
   Quyidagi fe’llardan keyin yoki gerundiya yoki infinitive ishlatilishi mumkin:
   

attempt begin dread start intend continue bother

• 
  The baby begins to cry The baby begins crying
  
• 
  John intends buying a house John intends to buy a house
  

4. 
   Ingliz tilida ba’zi fe’llar ma’nosiga qarab infinitive yoki gerundiya qo’llaniladi:
   

GERUND	INFINITIVE
Remember—qilgan ishni eslamoq I’m absolutely sure I locked the door. I clearly remember locking it.(I locked it and now I remember this)	Remember—biror ishni qilish esiga tushmoq , esida tutmoq(bajarmasdan oldin) I remembered to lock the door when I left but I forgot to shut the windows.(I remembered that I had to lock the door and so I locked it)
Regret—qilgan ishidan afsuslanmoq I now regret saying what I said. I shouldn’t have said it .	2.Regret to say/ to tell/ to inform you—Afsuski, …. We regret to inform you that we can’t offer you the job.(Afsuski, sizga shuni ma’lum qilamizki biz sizga ish bear olmimiz.
Go on—qilayotgan ishini davom ettirmoq The Preseident paused for a moment and then went on talking .	3.Go on—boshqa bir ishni bajarishda davom etmoq After discussing the economy, the president then went in to talk about foreign policy.
Forget—biror ish qilganini unutmoq I forgot meeting you (=I forgot that I had met you)	4.Forget—biror ish qilmoqchiligini unutmoq I forgot to buy any coffee.Just I remembered.
Be afraid of—biror narsa sodir bo’lishidan qo’rqmoq (chunki bu ish yomon bo’lishi mumkin—bunda ish-harakatning sodir bo’lishi shu shaxsga bog’liq emas yoki qasddan bajarmaydi) The path was icy, so we walked very carefully. We afraid of falling. I don’t like dogs . I am always afraid of being bitten.