Positive sentence → S + auxiliary verb+ too
My friend is happy today. I am too
Positive sentence → So + auxiliary verb + S
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My friend is happy today. So am I
Negative sentence → S auxiliary verb + not + either
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My friend is not happy today. I am not either.
Negative sentence → Neither/Nor + auxiliary verb + S
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My friend is not happy today. Neither am I / Nor am I
Examples: John went to the cinema and Sue did too.
So did Sue.
John didn’t go to the cinema and Sue didn’t either .
Neither/Nor did Sue.
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Biz gapni ikki marta takrorlamaslik uchun ba’zi fe’llardan keyin <<so>> so’zini ishlatamiz:
“Are those people English” ”I think so” (= I think they are English)
“Do you think it is going to rain?” “ I hope so/ I hope not ”
I think so → I don’t think so
I expect so → I don’t expext so
I hope so → I hope not
I am afraid so → I am afraid not
I guess s0 → I guess not
I suppose so → I don’t suppose so / I suppose not
UNIT 21.GERUND AND INFINITIVE
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Gerundiyaning ishlatilish holatlari.
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Gerundiya –bu fe’lning Ving shaklidir.Quyidagi fe’llardan keyin doimo gerundiya ishlatiladi:
admit
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delay
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fancy
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postphone
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risk
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appreciate
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deny
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imagine
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practise
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report
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avoid
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delay
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involve
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recollect
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resist
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be worth
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dislike
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keep
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resume
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quit
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can’t stand
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enjoy
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miss
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resent
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suggest
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consider
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finish
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mind
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recall
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I don’t fancy going out this evening.
I can’t imagine George riding a motorbike.
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Frazali fe’llar , predloglardan keyin hamisha gerundiya ishlatiladi:
Paula has given up smoking.
He left without speaking.
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Gerundianing Passive Voiceda ishlatilishiga e’tibor bering:
Active : I don’t mind people keeping me waiting.
Passive : I don’t mind being kept waiting .
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Quyidagi birikmalardan keyin gerundiya ishlatiladi:
I t’s no use …
It’s no good …
There is no point in …
It’s worth…
Have difficulty … V ing
A waste of money/ time …
Spend/ waste time …
Go + Ving
Be busy
I spend hours trying to repair the clock.
I waste a lot of time having a bath.
I go shopping/ swimming …
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Perception verbs(Idrok fe’llari)—dan keyin to’ldiruvchi kelsa, undan keyin yoki gerundiya yoki fe’lning oddiy shakli ishlatiladi:
listen
See
W atch Ving(biror ish-harakatning davom etayotganini ko’rsatib beradi)
S + Observe O +
Notice V1( ish-harakatning boshidan oxirigacha sodir bo’lishini ifodalaydi)
Hear
feel
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I saw John crossing the road .
I saw John cross the road.
I felt the train moving (continuing action)
move (completed action)
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Quyidagi ikkita fe’ldan so’ng to’ldiruvchi kesa , gerundiya ishlatiladi:
S + smell / find + O + Ving
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Can you smell something burning.
I found him reading a paper.
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Infinitive shaklining ishlatilish holatlari;
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Infinitive—fe’lning <1 >> shaklidir. Quyidagi fe’llardan keyin infinitive ishlatiladi:
agree
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Beg
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Fail
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Manage
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Seem
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Would like
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Arrange
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Calim
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Help
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Prepare
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Tend
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Would prefer
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Afford
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choose
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Happen
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Plan
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Threaten
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Would hate
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Appear
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Dare
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Hope
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Promise
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Want
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Ask
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Deserve
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Learn
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Pretend
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Wait
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aim
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expect
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mean
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refuse
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Would love
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I would love to go abroad .
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seem to be Ving
S + pretend
appear to have V3
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You seem to be losing weight. I pretend to be reading .
to have lost weight. to have read
NOTE: Odatda fe’lning infinitive + P.P shakli o’tgan zamonda sodir bo’lgan ish-harakatni iifodalaydi.
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Dare –(jur’at qilmoq) fe’lidan keyin <>ishlatsa ham , ishlatmasa ham bo’laveradi
I wouldn’t dare (to) ask him.
Ammo <<dare not>> shaklidan keyin “to” ishlatilmaydi:
I dare not tell him what happened.
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Soroq so’zlardan keyin fe’lning infinitive shakli ishlatiladi:
S + V + (O) + question word + to + V1 + O
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Can you show me how to change the film in this camera?
He’ll tell you what to do.
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Quyidagi fe’llardan keyin 2 xil shakl ishlatiladi:
Ask beg expect help mean would like/love/ prefer/hate
S + these verbs + to + V + O
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S + these verbs + O + to V
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He doesn’t want to know He doesn’t want anybody to know
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Quyidagi fe’llardan so’ng to’ldiruvchi kelib, undan keyin fe’lning infinitive shakli ishlatiladi.
tell remind force enable (=encourage) persuade
order warn invite teach get(=persuade)
S + these verbs + O + to V
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He warned me not to touch anything.
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Quyidagi fe’llarning 2 xil shakli mavjud.
Advise forbid allow recommend encourage permit
S + these verbs + V ing + O
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S + these verbs + O +to V1
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She doesn’t allow smoking in the house She doesn’t allow us to smoke in the house.
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Gerund or Infinitive
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Like—fe’li “rohatlanmoq” ma’nosida ishlatilsa, undan keyin fe’lning gerundiya shakli ishlatiladi, bordiyu biror ish qilishni shunchaki “yoqtirmoq” ma’nosida esa fe’lning infinitive shakli ishlatiladi:
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I like getting up early (=enjoy)
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I like to get up early (=like)
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Quyidagi fe’llardan keyin infinitive ishlatiladi:
w ould like
would love to V + O
would hate
wouldprefer
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I ‘d love to be able to travel round .
NOTE: Quyidagi birikmali fe’llardan keyin “ to have to “ ishlatilsa, biror ishni qilmaganimdan afsusdaman, jon deb qilgan bo’lardim degan ma’noda ishlatiladi:
w ould like
would love to have V 3+ O
would hate
wouldprefer
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I’d like to have seen Susan
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I’d love to have gone to the party but it’s impossible.
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Quyidagi fe’llardan keyin yoki gerundiya yoki infinitive ishlatilishi mumkin:
attempt begin dread start intend continue bother
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The baby begins to cry The baby begins crying
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John intends buying a house John intends to buy a house
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Ingliz tilida ba’zi fe’llar ma’nosiga qarab infinitive yoki gerundiya qo’llaniladi:
GERUND
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INFINITIVE
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Remember—qilgan ishni eslamoq
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I’m absolutely sure I locked the door. I clearly remember locking it.(I locked it and now I remember this)
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Remember—biror ishni qilish esiga tushmoq , esida tutmoq(bajarmasdan oldin)
I remembered to lock the door when I left but I forgot to shut the windows.(I remembered that I had to lock the door and so I locked it)
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Regret—qilgan ishidan afsuslanmoq
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I now regret saying what I said. I shouldn’t have said it .
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2.Regret to say/ to tell/ to inform you—Afsuski, ….
We regret to inform you that we can’t offer you the job.(Afsuski, sizga shuni ma’lum qilamizki biz sizga ish bear olmimiz.
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Go on—qilayotgan ishini davom ettirmoq
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The Preseident paused for a moment and then went on talking .
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3.Go on—boshqa bir ishni bajarishda davom etmoq
After discussing the economy, the president then went in to talk about foreign policy.
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Forget—biror ish qilganini unutmoq
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I forgot meeting you (=I forgot that I had met you)
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4.Forget—biror ish qilmoqchiligini unutmoq
I forgot to buy any coffee.Just I remembered.
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Be afraid of—biror narsa sodir bo’lishidan qo’rqmoq (chunki bu ish yomon bo’lishi mumkin—bunda ish-harakatning sodir bo’lishi shu shaxsga bog’liq emas yoki qasddan bajarmaydi)
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The path was icy, so we walked very carefully. We afraid of falling.
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I don’t like dogs . I am always afraid of being bitten.
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