X o r I j iy t I l L a r

Task 2. R ead and retell the text
Distribution is the process o f making a product or service available for the 
consumer or business user who needs it, and a distributor is a business 
involved in the distribution stage o f the value chain. This can be done 
directly by the producer or service provider or using indirect channels 
with distributors or intermediaries. Distribution (or place) is one o f the 
four elements o f the marketing mix: 
the other three elements 
being product, pricing, and promotion. Decisions about distribution need 
to be taken in line with a company's overall strategic vision and mission. 
Developing a coherent distribution plan is a central component 
o f strategic planning. At the strategic level, there are three broad 
approaches to distribution, namely mass, selective and exclusive 
distribution. The num ber and type o f intermediaries selected largely 
depend on the strategic approach. The overall distribution channel should 
add value to the consumer. Distribution is fundamentally concerned with 
ensuring that products reach target customers in the most direct and cost- 
efficient manner. In the case o f services, distribution is principally 
concerned with access.[1] Although distribution, as a concept, is relatively 
simple, in practice distribution m anagem ent may involve a diverse range 
o f activities and disciplines including detailed logistics, transportation, 
warehousing, 
storage, inventory 
m anagement as 
well 
as 
channel 
managem ent including selection o f channel m em bers and rewarding 
distributors
Task 3. Give yo u r idea on the topic: “ Business is a combination o f war 
and sport?”

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What is the difference between CV and cover letter?
T ask 2. R ead and retell the text.
Anything that people are willing to accept in exchange for goods can 
serve as money. At various times in history, cattle, salt, animal hides, 
gems, and tobacco have been used as medium s o f exchange. Each o f
these items has certain characteristics that it better or worse than others 
for use as money. Cattle, for example, are difficult, to transport, but they 
are durable. G em s are easy to carry, but they are not easy to split into 
small pieces to use. The table below lists the major characteristics that to 
some degree all items used as money must have. Alm ost any item that 
meets most o f these criteria can be and probably has been used as 
money. Precious metals, however, particularly gold and silver, are 
especially well suited as mediums o f exchange, and have often been 
used as such throughout history. It is only in more recent times that 
paper money has been widely used as a medium o f exchange. Mediums 
o f exchange such as cattle and gems are considered commodity money. 
They have a value as a commodity, or good, aside from their value as 
money. Cattle are used for food and transportation. Gems are used for 
jewelry. Representative money is money backed by - exchangeable for - 
some com modity, such as gold or silver. It is not in itself valuable for 
non-money uses, but it can be exchanged for some valuable item. Like 
commodity money, the amount o f representative money circulation, or 
in use by people, is limited because it is linked to some scarce good, 
such as gold.