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The final three-consonant clusters


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Bog'liq
1 План ва диссертация Жумакулова

The final three-consonant clusters are quite numerous too, there are 40 of them. They usually end with /s, z, t, d/ which, as already mentioned, can easily be accounted for by morphology since they represent separate morphemes.
Final CCC cluster in English
starting with oral plosive: pθs, pts, pst, tθs, tst, kθs, kts, kst (8)
starting with nasal plosive: mps, mft, mfs, mts, mst, nts, ndz, nʃt, nʃd,
ŋts, ŋst (11)
starting with fricative: fθs, fθl, fts, sts (4)
starting with approximant: lmd, lmz, lpt, lps, lbd, lbz, lft, lvd, lθs, lnd, lnz, ldz, lʃt, lʃd, lʃt, lks, lkt (17)
The final four-consonants clusters in English (7) are usually formed by the three-consonant cluster not containing final /s, z, t, d/ as separate morphemes and the sound form of the suffixes -(e)s and -(e)d.
Final CCCC cluster in English
starting with oral plosive: ksθs, ksts (2)
starting with nasal plosive: mpts, ntst (2)
starting with approximant: lfθs, ltst, lkts (3)
The survey of the possible onset and coda clusters in English shows that in the case of three-consonant clusters the phonotactic possibilities of the English phonemes are higher at the end of the syllable (word). Although the number of two-consonant clusters is identical in the word-initial (syllable onset) and word-final (syllable coda) position (55), three- consonant clusters are rare in onsets (9) and frequent in codas (40), and four- consonant clusters occur only in codas (7).


Conclusions and methodic recommendations
In this research work the syllable has been explained as the smallest unit of utterance in the language. It is made up of a vowel with or without one or more consonant sounds. When we looked at the sounds of English, it was shown that it was possible to say whether a particular sound was a vowel or consonant.
So the syllable is one or more speech sounds forming a single uninterrupted unit of utterance which may be a commonly recognized subdivision of a word or the whole of a word. Being the smallest pronounceable units, the syllables form language units of greater magnitude, that is morphemes, words and phrases. Each of these units is characterized by a certain syllabic structure. Consequently we might say that a meaningful language unit has two aspects: syllable formation and syllable division which form a dialectical unity.
Syllable formation and syllable division rules appear to be a matter of great practical value to the language learner. They are especially important when it is necessary to know the number of syllables for the purpose of picturing a word or a sentence on the staves, or for finding a convenient place to put a stress mark in phonetic transcription. One must know the rules to define the syllable boundaries to make correct syllable division at the junc­tion of words, as wrong syllabic division may cause misunder­standing, eg a nice house [a 'nais 'haus];
an ice house [ən 'ais'haus].
Similarly, a syllable may be defined phonetically or phonologically. Phonetically, a syllable may be defined as consisting of a centre which has little or no obstruction to the air flow and therefore sounds louder than the end of the syllable where there are greater obstruction to the airflow and consequently less loud sounds.
The centre of the syllable is called the nucleus, the beginning is called the onset while the end is called the coda.
What might be called a minimum syllable would be a single vowel in isolation as for example in the words are /a: /; or / ɔ: / and which are preceded and followed by silence. Some syllables have onset; that is the nucleus is not preceded by silence but by a consonant sound as in so /sou/ and tea /ti: /. Some syllables have no onset but a coda as in arm /a:m/; ought / ɔ:t/ and more /mɔ:/.Some syllables have the onset, nucleus and coda as in sat /sæt/ , run /rΛn/ and fan /fæn/ .
As we have already mentioned a syllable can be described as a unit of speech made up of a vowel with or without one or more consonant sounds. Sounds combine to form syllables. For instance, in English the word, /gout/, three sounds:/g/, /ou/ and /t/ combine to form a syllable, goat, which is also a word. This is a monosyllabic word. Syllables may be disyllabic (two syllables); trisyllabic (three syllables) and polysyllabic (four or more syllables). Note that every syllable must contain a vowel sound. There are syllables which are made
up of just one vowel sound but a consonant sound alone cannot make a syllable. In cases where a syllable has no vowel sound to function as a nucleus some special consonants, because of their sonorous nature, can function as the nucleus of a syllable. They are called syllabic consonants. The common syllabic consonants of English are /l/ and /n/ which are sonorous like vowel sounds as in the following: mutton / mΛtn/. In other words, the second syllable of this word has no vowel nucleus. The letter ‘o’ is omitted in pronunciation.
The syllable as a unit is difficult to define, though native speakers of a language are usually able to state how many syllables there are in a particular word. It can be a single word, a part of a word, a part of the grammatical form.
In English the syllable is formed:
1. by any vowel alone or in combination with one or more consonants – not more than 3 preceding and not more than 4 following it, e.g. are [a:], we [wi:], it [it], sixths [siksθs].
2. by a word final sonorants [n], [1], [m] immediately preceded by a consonant: e.g. rhythm ['rIðm], garden ['ga:dn].
The English sonorants [w], [j] are never syllabic as they are always syllable-initial. Thus vowels and sonorants are syllable-forming elements and every word, phrase or sentence has as many syllables as it has syllabic elements.
The syllable can be analized from the acoustic, auditory (the smallest unit of perception), articulatory and functional points of view and it can perform the following functions:
1) constitutive – syllables constitute words, phrases and sentences through the combination of their prosodic features: loudness-stress, pitch-tone, duration-length and tempo, they may be stressed, unstressed, can carry high,mid, low, rising, falling tones, may be long, short. These prosodic features constitute the stress pattern of words, tonal and rhythmic structure of an utterance, help to peform distinctive variations on the syllable level.
2) distinctive and differentiatory function of the syllable is expressed by means of the differance in the place of the syllabic boundary.
3) identificatory - is conditioned by the pron-n of the speaker. The listener understands if he perceives the correct syllabic boundary – ‘syllabodisjuncture’: might rain – my train.
It has already been stated that the syllabic structure of every language has its own peculiarities, including those of syllable division.
There are a number of factors determining the rules
for syllable division in every language which are put into
effect by using one of the three forms of every consonant.
All these factors are closely interdependent; none of them operates singly; they operate in certain combinations. There­fore it is impossible to examine them one by one.
The main problem about the phonetic description of the syllable is deciding where to divide the syllable. Syllable boundary has been an issue where there is no agreement. An example is the word extra /ekstrə/ where the following suggestions have been given: e+kstrə, ek+strə, eks+trə, ekst+rə and ekstr +ə. Usually, it can end with a vowel or one or two or three (and in rare cases) four consonants. No syllable ends with more than four consonants.
In most general terms syllable division rules can be defined as follows:
1) An intervocalic consonant tends to belong to the follow­ing syllabic sound, eg about [э-'baut]; writing ['rai-tin].
This rule holds true for cases when a consonant is preceded by a long vowel or a diphthong, as they are always free at the end and there is no need to close the syllable, e.g. music[mju:-zik]; skating ['skei-tin].
But in case of a short stressed vowel followed by a consonant there are three viewpoints concerning the syllable boundary:
(a) the intervocalic consonant belongs to the short vowel pre­ceding it (to make the short vowel checked), e.g. pity ['pit-i], cof­fee I'kof-i], better [bet-э];
(b) the intervocalic consonant belongs to the vowel following it, e.g. ['pi-ti], ['ko-fi], ['be-tə]; *
(c) the syllable boundary goes through the consonant, e.g. I'piti|, ['kofi], ['betə].
In this case the sounds [t] and [f] belong structurally both to the preceding and the following vowels. The last point of view seems to be more convenient for pedagogical expedience as a stressed vowel being covered by a consonant becomes checked.
2) Intervocalic combinations of consonants belong to the fol­lowing syllabic sound, if such combinations are typical of English, e.g. naturally ['nætƒərəli].
3) A double-peaked geminated consonant is strong at both ends and weak in the middle; therefore it can only occur at the junction of two syllables, its first part forming the down­ward slope of the preceding syllable and the second consti­tuting the upward slope of the succeeding one. In English a double-peaked geminated consonant occurs:

  1. at the junction of two words or morphemes, as in /'gud'dei/ (good day), /Λnnoun/ (unknown).

  2. Phonologically, a double-peaked geminated consonant re­presents two successive allophones of the same phoneme.

Investigations made in the nature of onsets in English syllables allow us to make the following conclusions:
1) The distribution of phonemes in the syllabic structure follows the rules of phonotactics which are specific enough for the English language.
2) The onsets of English syllables may consist of one, two and three consonant clusters.
3) The nasal sonorant [ŋ] never occurs in the onset of an English syllable.

  1. The affricates [tƒ dз], the nasal sonorant [ŋ] and the glottal [h] do not occur in complex onsets.

  2. The nucleus of the syllable has the maximal sonority and the pre – nucleus position in two - and three – member onsets is occupied by sonorants.

  3. The first element in all three – consonant clusters is always taken by the voiceless fricative consonant [s].

  4. Voiceless plosive consonants [p t k] occupy the second position in three member onsets.


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