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1 План ва диссертация Жумакулова

Dividing Words Into Syllables
There are four ways to split up a word into its syllables:
1. Divide between two middle consonants.
Split up words that have two middle consonants. For example:
hap/pen, bas/ket, let/ter, sup/per, din/ner, and Den/nis. The only exceptions are the consonant digraphs. Never split up consonant digraphs as they really represent only one sound. The exceptions are "th", "sh", "ph", "th", "ch", and "wh".
2. Usually divide before a single middle consonant.
When there is only one syllable, you usually divide in front of it, as in:
"o/pen", "i/tem", "e/vil", and "re/port". The only exceptions are those times when the first syllable has an obvious short sound, as in "cab/in".
3. Divide before the consonant before an "-le" syllable.
When you have a word that has the old-style spelling in which the "-le" sounds like "-el", divide before the consonant before the "-le". For example: "a/ble", "fum/ble", "rub/ble" "mum/ble" and "thi/stle". The only exception to this are "ckle" words like "tick/le".
4. Divide off any compound words, prefixes, suffixes and roots which have vowel sounds.
Split off the parts of compound words like "sports/car" and "house/boat". Divide off prefixes such at "un/happy", "pre/paid", or "re/write". Also divide off suffixes as in the words "farm/er", "teach/er", "hope/less" and "care/ful". In the word "stop/ping", the suffix is actually "-ping" because this word follows the rule that when you add "-ing" to a word with one syllable, you double the last consonant and add the "-ing[internet 44].
Syllable division in English has the following three char­acteristic features which makes it different from Russian:

  1. Dependence of the type of consonant, determining the type of syllable, upon the duration of the preceding vowel.

  1. The frequent use of syllabic sonorants.

  1. The frequent use of unisyllabic words with clusters of con­sonants.

1. In words of more than one syllable, a short stressed vowel requires an initially strong consonant after it. Thus, close sylla­bles are formed in such words as the following:
funny [fΛn-i] Polly ['pol-i]
city ['sit-i] Dinny ['din-i]
money ['mΛn-i] copy[кoр-i]
mummy ['mΛm-i]
The number of such words is very great in the English lan­guage, so that it is very important for a foreign learner of Eng­lish to be able to pronounce them correctly.
Syllables of this type are very common in Russian, but the English type of close syllables, such as [mΛn-i], ['sit-i] are never to be met with; consequently, Russians break up words of two syllables, similar to these, into two open syllables, and pronounce them ['fA-n'i], [Vi-t'i]; of course, the result is a strong Russian accent.
In English, a long stressed vowel or a diphthong is followed by a finally strong consonant, and thus an open syllable is form­ed:
border ['bo:-də] open ['ou-рэn] favour ['fei-və] April['eipril]
This type of open stressed syllable is similar to the common Russian type, and is not, therefore, a matter of difficulty to Rus­sians [internet 45].
English words similar to the above can be pronounced in two distinct syllables. In English words with the stressed close sylla­bles as: funny, copy, the syllables cannot be pronounced separately because of the shortness of the vowel, and also owing to the fact that the following consonant is added to the vowel when its artic­ulation is still rather energetic. This presents an almost insur­mountable difficulty to Russians, who try, according to the Rus­sian habit, to pronounce such words in two distinct and separate syllables; for instance: funny [fΛn-i], mother ['mΛð-ə].
Special efforts, theoretical explanations and practical exercises are required in order to overcome this difficulty.
2. The second peculiarity of English syllabic construction, syl­labic sonorants can be observed in two cases:
1) When the first syllable of a word is formed by a short
stressed vowel, followed by an initially strong consonant. In such
cases, the first syllable is close, while the second syllable consists
of a syllabic sonorant only: ['bΛt|n], ['kot|n], bit|n].
Words of this type have the same peculiarity as the words copy, money, etc; the two syllables are closely blended and cannot be isolated owing to the shortness of the vowel and to the pecul­iar pronunciation of the sequence of consonants [tl], [tn], [dl], [dn]. The plosive [t], [d] .is blended with the following homorgan-ic [n] or [1], for the former has no explosion and the pause of the plosive is prolonged for the following sonorant. Words of this type are a stumbling block to Uzbeks, who have a tendency to make the first syllable open and to insert a vowel in the second sylable, so that the pronunciation is as follows: little ['li-tol], middle ['mi-dal].
Care should be taken to acquire the correct pronunciation.
2) When an open syllable, formed by a long vowel or a diphthong, is followed by a syllable formed by a consonant noise + a
syllabic sonorant: ['ei-bl], ['nou-ƒn], ['tei-bl] ['ko:-ƒn].
3. It is necessary to mention a type of syllable which is very characteristic of the English language. It is a close syllable with a short vowel and a cluster of consonants at the end, such as: texts [teksts], breaths [breθs], puffs [pAfs], sixths [siksθs], sevenths [sevənθs], etc., especially such combinations as [θs], [nθs], [sθs], [fθs], unfamiliar to Russians.




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