60-odd years of moscow mathematical
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Moscow olympiad problems
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1 + a 2 x 2 + · · · + a n x n , where a 1 , . . . , a n are any numbers the second player wishes. What is the least number of questions the second player can use to guess what is the selected set of x’s? 24.1.8.3. See Problem 24.1.7.3. 24.1.8.4. Prove that a rook can pass all squares of a rectangular chessboard visiting each square exactly once and return to the first square only if the number of squares is even. 24.1.8.5. A set of consequtive positive integers a, a + 1, . . . , a + k is called a segment (of the natural series). Two segments of length 1961 are written one below the other. Prove that it is possible to arrange the numbers of each segment so that by adding digits which stand one below the other we get another segment. Grade 9 24.1.9.1. See Problem 24.1.7.1. 24.1.9.2. See Problem 24.1.8.2. 24.1.9.3. Prove that it is possible to arrange the numbers from 1 to n 2 in an n × n table so that the sums of numbers in each column are equal. 24.1.9.4. See Problem 24.1.10.3 below assuming that k is divisible by 4. 24.1.9.5. On a plane there are n points such that if A, B, C are any three of them, no other point is inside 4ABC. Prove that these points may be numbered so that the polygon A 1 A 2 . . . A n is convex. Grade 10 24.1.10.1. Given the Fibonacci sequence 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, . . . , u k , . . . Prove that u 5k is divisible by 5 for any k = 1, 2, 3, . . . . 68 MOSCOW MATHEMATICAL OLYMPIADS 1 – 59 24.1.10.2. On a plane several strips of different width are drawn so that no two of them are parallel. How should the strips be transported parallel with themselves to maximize the area of their intersection F ? (See Fig. 40.) Figure 40. (Probl. 24.1.10.2) Figure 41. (Probl. 24.2.7.1) 24.1.10.3. k persons took a bus without a conductor. They had only coins of denomination 10, 15, or 20 kopecks. Each person paid his/her fare and got the change from other passengers. Prove that the least number of coins needed for this operation is equal to k + h k + 3 4 i . Remark. Recall that the machines that sold tickets in the public transport in Moscow were self service. They had receptacles (cash-boxes) for any amount of money but could not give any change. The bus fare was 5 kopecks. So if you had just a 10 kopeck coin you had to ask someone in need of a ticket to give you his/her 5 kopecks, insert your 10 kopecks and take 2 tickets. So the passangers had to help each other or risk a fine 1 . 24.1.10.4. A circle S and a point O outside it are both on the same plane. Consider an arbitrary sphere through S and the cone with vertex at O tangent to this sphere. Find the locus of the centers of all circles along which such cones are tangent to such spheres. 24.1.10.5. Given n nonzero complex numbers z i , i = 1, . . . , n, such that z 1 + z 2 + · · · + z n = 0, prove that among them there are two numbers with the difference between their arguments ≥ 120 ◦ . Tour 24.2 Grade 7 24.2.7.1. The sides of an arbitrary convex polygon are painted on the outside. Consider several diago- nals; let each of them be similarly painted on one side. Prove that at least one of the polygons into which the initial one is divided by the diagonals is painted completely on the outside. (We allow the paint to leak inside a polygon at its vertices.) See Fig. 41. 24.2.7.2. On sides AB, BC, CD and AD of square ABCD points P , Q, R, S, respectively, are selected so that P QRS is a rectangle. Prove that either P QRS is a square or its sides are parallel to the respective diagonals of ABCD. 24.2.7.3. Prove that among any 39 consecutive positive integers there is at least one the sum of whose digits is divisible by 11. 24.2.7.4. Given a 4 × 4 table. Show that it is possible to arrange 7 asterisks in the table’s squares so that if we strike out any two rows and any two columns the remaining squares still contain at least one asterisk. Prove that if there are fewer than 7 asterisks it is always possible to strike out two rows and two columns with no asterisks remaining. 24.2.7.5. Prove that the following system has no integer solutions for a, b, c, d Download 1.08 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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