60-odd years of moscow mathematical
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Moscow olympiad problems
n, n − 50, n + 1987 would belong to different subsets?
130 MOSCOW MATHEMATICAL OLYMPIADS 1 – 59 50.10.5. The side of a square shaped kingdom is 2 km. The king of this kingdom decides to summon all his subjects to a ball at 7 p.m. At noon he sends a messenger who may give any orders to any citizen who, in turn, is empowered to give any order to any other citizen, etc. The whereabouts (home) of each citizen are known and every citizen can move at a speed of 3 km/h in any direction. Prove that the king can organize the transmission of messages so that all his loyal subjects can reach the court in time for the opening of the ball. OLYMPIAD 51 (1988) 131 Olympiad 51 (1988) Grade 7 51.7.1. Prove that for any prime p > 7 the number p 4 − 1 is divisible by 240. 51.7.2. Points M and P are the midpoints of two edges of a cube. On the surface of the cube, find the locus of points equidistant from M and P . The distance between two points of the surface is calculated as the length of the shortest broken line lying on the surface. 51.7.3. Using only a ruler and calipers draw the straight line through a given point and parallel to a given line. 51.7.4. Colored wires connect 20 phones so that each wire connects two phones, not more than one wire connects each pair of phones and not more than two wires lead from each phone. By the Rule we should select the colors of the wires so that every two wires leading from the same phone have different colors. What is the least number of wire’s colors needed for such a connection? (Cf. Problem 51.9.5.) Grade 8 51.8.1. Four numbers: 1, 9, 8, 8 are written in line. We apply to them the following operation: between each two numbers a and b we write their difference b − a. Then the same operation is applied to the resulting line, and so on, 100 times. What is the sum of all numbers in the final line? 51.8.2. Find the midpoint of a given segment using only a ruler without marks on it and calipers. 51.8.3. Prove that the equation 3x 4 + 5y 4 + 7z 4 = 11t 4 has no solution in natural numbers. 51.8.4. There are four coins and a spring balance with a single pan. It is known that some of the coins may be forged and a real coin weighs 10 g while a forged one only 9 g. How many times has one to weigh the coins to find out for sure which of them are forged? Grade 9 51.9.1. Consider a convex quadrilateral. Its diagonals divide it into four triangles of integer area. Prove that the product of these four integers cannot end with digits 1988. 51.9.2. Prove that p 2 1 + p 2 2 + . . . + p 2 24 .. . 24 for any primes p 1 , p 2 , . . . , p 24 ≥ 5. 51.9.3. Two perpendicular straight lines lie on a plane. Using only calipers find three points on the plane that represent vertices of an equilateral triangle. 51.9.4. Let f (x, y) = 1 2 (x + y − 1)(x + y − 2) be a function of two positive integers. Prove that for any positive integer z there exists a single pair x, y such that f (x, y) = z . 51.9.5. Colored wires connect 20 phones so that each wire connects two phones, not more than one wire connects each pair of phones and not more than three wires lead from each phone. One is asked to select the colors of the wires so that every two wires leading from the same phone have different colors. What is the least number of wires’ colors needed to establish any such connection? Grade 10 51.10.1. A calculator can add, subtract, divide, multiply and take the square root. Find a formula to calculate the minimum of two numbers using the calculator. 51.10.2. Is there a straight line on the coordinate plane such that the graph of the function y = 2 x is symmetric with respect to this line? 51.10.3. Can one intersect any parallelepiped with a plane so that the section is a rectangle? 51.10.4. One has a one-sided ruler, a pencil and a length standard allowing one to find on a previously drawn straight line a point at fixed distance from some other point on the same line. Draw a perpendicular to a given straight line using only these instruments. 51.10.5. One selects a pair of positive integers and performs the following operation: the greater number of the pair (the first one it they are equal) is divided by the other number, and the pair: (the quotient, the remainder) replace the original pair. Then the operation is repeated until the smaller number becomes 0. We start with numbers not greater than 1988. Prove that not more than 6 operations can be performed. 132 MOSCOW MATHEMATICAL OLYMPIADS 1 – 59 Olympiad 52 (1989) Download 1.08 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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