81'364. 2 Shamsutdinov mehroj sabirovich
— red tape,in a brown study, Hobson’s choice,kick the bucket, to leave
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frazeologik birliklarning shakil va mano manosabati(1)
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— red tape,in a brown study, Hobson’s choice,kick the bucket, to leave somebody in lurch, to set one’s cap at smb, to stand to one’s guns, to catch at a straw (ingliz tilida) — qo’y og’zidan cho’p olmagan,og’zi qulog’ida,sirkasi suv ko’tar may- di,o’takasi yorilmoq,s ichqonning ini ming tanga,kavushini to’g’irlab qo’ymoq, do’ppisi yarimta, yuragiga qil sig’maydi (o’zbek tilida) Frazeologizm leksik jihatdan so’zlarning bo’linmaydigan birikmasi. Frazeolo- gizmlar o’ziga xos morfologik va sintaktik tuzilishga ega. Frazeologizmlar tarkibidagi so’zlar grammatik va semantic jihatdan bir-biri bilan uzviy bog’liq,bir butun ma’no anglatadi. Ularning tarkibiy qismidan biror komponentni chiqarib tashlash mumkin emas. Frazeologizm ko’chma ma’nolarda, obrazli ifodalarda qo’llaniladi. Tarixiy qo’llanish me’yorlariga,usullariga ega bo’lib, ularning ma’nolari muayyan nutqiy jarayonda oydinlashadi. Frazeologizm to’liq yoki qisman ko’chma ma’noga erga bo’lgan turg’un so’z birikmasidir. Frazeologizmlar so’z birikmasi shaklini yo’qotmagan holda bitta so’z, bitta leksema bo’lishga intilayotgan leksikolizasiyalashgan so’z birikmasi. Frazeologizmlar birdan ortiq so’zdan tashkil topishi bilan so’z birikmasi yoki gap tipida bo’lsada,lekin u nutq birligi bo’lgan bu birliklardan tamoman farqlanadi va lug’aviy birlik sifatida ko’p xususiyatlar frazeologizmlarga xos. Frazeologizmlar ham xuddi so’zlar kabi shakl va ma’no birligiga ega. So’zning shakliy tomonini tovushlar hosil qilsa, frazeologizmlar shakliy tomonini so’zlar hosil etadi. Frazeologizmlar va so’zlar sintaktik vazifaga ko’ra umumiylikka ega. Frazeologizmlar lug’aviy birlik bo’lganidan, xuddi so’zlar kabi gapda bir bo’lak vazifasida keladi. Masalan: But you know it’r Hobson’s choice. Hozir
vazifasida qo’llanilgan. Frazeologizmlar ham, so’zlarga o’xshab,ko’p ma’nolik va om omonimlik xos. Frazeologizmlar va so’zlar o’rtasidagi o’xshashlik izomorfizm
hodisasidir. Shuni ham ta’kidlab o’tish kerakki,frazeologizmlar va so’zlar o’rtasidagi farqlar ham anchagina. Tilshunos olim A.V.Kunin, bu ikki til birligi o’rtasidagi quyidagi farqlarni sanab o’tdi. 1. So’zlar va frazeologizmlar ham semantic, ham strukturaviy jihatdan farqlanadi. 2. Frazeologizmlar frazeologik ma’noda ega bo’lgan so’zlar birikmasidir. Frazeologizmlar so’z birligi va gaplarning grammatik qoliplari asosida yasaladi. So’zlar so’zlardan emas, balki morfema yoki negizdan tashkil topadi.So’zlare leksik ma’noga ega. So’zlarga leksik turg’unlik xos. So’zlar, bazi qo’shma so’zlardan tashqari,so’z birikmalarining grammatik qolipi asosida yasalmaydi. So’zlar frazeologizmlarga xos bo’lmagan prefiksal va affiksal so’z yasovchi qoliplar asosida yasaladi. 3. Frazeologizmlar frazeologik birliklar,so’zlar esa leksik birliklardir. Frazeologizmlar so’z birikmasi yoki gaplar kabi nutq jarayonida hosil bo’lmaydi, balki ular xuddi so’zlar kabi tildeatayyor holda bo’ladi. Demak, frazeologizmlar nutq hodisasi emas, balki til hodisasidir. Kick the bucket, red tape yoki aravani quruq olib qochmoq, nog’orasiga o’ynamoq kabilar tilda tayyor holdsagi lug’aviy birlik. Ba’zi frazeologizmlar tuzilishi jihatdan gap shaklida ham bo’ladi va ular nutqda gapning bir bo’lagi sifatida bo’ladi.
Erkin so’z birikmasi va frazeologizmlar o’rtasidagi farqlarga to’xtaladigan bo’lsak, shuni aytib o’tish kerakki, erkin so’z birikmasi tarkibiy qisimlardan birining yoki bir nechtasining o’zgartirilishiga yo’l qo’yadi. Ammo bunda boshqa elementlarning ma’nolari o’zgarmaydi. So’z birikmasidagi so’zlar ko’proq semantic mustaqillikka ega. Har qanday komponent boshqasining ma’ nosiga ta’sir etmasdan almashinishi mumkin: to cut bread, to cut cheese, to eat bread.
Frazeologizmlarda esa bunday holat sodir bo’lmaydi,masalan:red,flower birikmasini olsak undagi red sifati yellow, white sifatlariga almashtirish mumkin. Ammo bu almashinish so’z birikmasida nazarda tutilgan predmetga tegishlilik ma’nosini o’zgartirmaydi (biron-bir rangdagi gul) [19;69]. Frazeologizm bo’lgan red tape da esa red sifatining o’zgartirilishi frazeologizmlar ma’nosining butunlay o’zgartirishiga olib keladi: A bleue (black, white) tape-ko’k (qora, oq) tasma ma’nosini bildiradi. Frazeologizmlar va erkin so’z bog’lanmalari o’rtasidagi farqlar jud katta. Shuni aytish mumkinki, frazeologizm leksik birlik hisoblanuvchi so’z birikmasidan tamomila farqlanuvchi alohida til birligidir.
2.2 Frazeologik birliklarning leksik, semantik-grammatik xususiyatlari. Tilda ham shakl va ma’no bo’lib, shakl odatda tilning materiyasi-tovush yozuvda harf bilan ko’rsatiladi. Buni tilning ifoda jihati deb atash mumkin. Tovush yozuvda harf bilan ko’rsatiladi. Shu asosda talaffuz shakli va yozuv shakli farqlanadi,bu-larning tom ma’nodagi shakl birinchisi hisoblanadi. Yolg’iz shaklning o’z tili birinchi bo’la olmaydi. Til birligi bo’lishi uchun ma’lum shaklga ma’lum bir ma’no biriktirilgan bo’lishi kerak. Bunday ma’no til birligining mazmun tomoni deb yuritiladi. Biror predmetni, harakat-holatni yoki shularga maxsus belgi xususiyatlarni jamlovchi ma’noga leksik ma’no deyiladi [25;19]. Leksik ma’noni anglatuvchi birlikka leksema deyiladi. Grammatik ma’noni anglatuvchi birlikka morfema deyiladi[5;16]. So’z ayni paytda ham leksik,ham grammatik ma’noga ega bo’ladi,u odatda leksema bilan morfemadan tuziladi. Ibora yirik til birligi bo’lib, kamida ikkita mustaqil so’zdan tashkil topadi.Shunga ko’ra iboraning ifoda jihati deb so’zlar (leksemalar), shular tarkibidagi til birliklari ko’zda tutiladi. Tilshunoslikning frazeologiya sohasiga buyuk
hissa qo’shgan V.V.Vinogradovning rus
frazeologizmlari klassifiktsiyasi
ingliz
frazeologizmlarini ham joriy etgan. “Olimning frazeologizmlar tasnifi usuli ba’zi hozirgi zamon tilshunoslari fikrichan eskirga usul hisoblanadi.Lekin bu usul semantic prinsipga asoslangan birinchi tasnif usuli bo’lgan holda hali ham o’z qiymatini yo’qotmagan, shuni ta’kidlash joizki, frazeologizmlarning semantik xususiyatlari muhim ahamiyatga ega ” - deydi G.B.Antrushina [8;189]. V.V.Vinogradovning bu tasnif usuli frazeologizmlar tarkibiy qismlarining o’zaro sintaktik birikishiga asoslangan. Uning fikricha,qisman ko’chma ma’noga ega bo’lgan frazeologizmlar komponentlari o’rtasida eng zaif birikuv kuzatiladi.Frazeologizmlar ma’nosi uning tarkibiy qismlarining ma’nosidan qanchalik ko’p farq qilsa,semantik birikuv darajasida shuncha yuqori bo’ladi.Shunga ko’ra V.V.Vinogradov frazeologizmlarni uch sinfga bo’ladi: [13;109] 1. Frazeologik chatishmalar (phraseological fusions) 2. Frazeologik qo’shilmalar (phraseological units) 3. Frazeologik birlashmalr (phraseological collacations or combinations) Frazeologik chatishmalar – kompanentlarning ma’nolari butun birlikning ma’nosiga aloqador bo’lmagan frazeologizmlardir. Masalan: heavy father-teatr pyesasidagi asosiy rol, kick the bucket-o’lmoq, red tape-byurokratik metodlar ma’nosi o’z tarkibidagi so’zlarning ma’nolariga bo’g’liq bo’lmagan yaxlit xolda bir ma’no beruvchi frazeologizmlardir. Frazeologik chatishmalar ma’nosi butunlay o’zgargan so’z birikmasidir.Ammo frazeologik qo’shilmalardan farqli o’laroq,ularning ma’nolari tarkibiy qismlarining ma’nolaridan anglashilmaydi; metaforaga asoslangan ma’no ko’chish o’z aniqligini yo’qotgan. To leave smb in
betray one’s cowardice), to dance attendance on smb (to try and attract smb, to show exaggerated attention) kabi
frazeologizmlar ham
frazeologik chatishmalarga misol bo’la oladi. Frazeologik qo’shilmalar ma’nosi bir butun frazeologizmning frazeologik ma’nosidan anglashiladigan frazeologizmlardir. Metaforaga asoslanagn ma’no ko’chish aniq va oydindir. Frazeologik qo’shilmalarning leksik komponentlari eng turg’un hisoblanadi. Masalan; to look a
haughtly,overbearing way) a big bug (a person to importance), a fish out of water (a person situated uncomfortably outside his usual or proper environment) [25;43] kabi frazeologizmlar frazeologik qo’shilmalarga misol bo’la oladi. Frazeologik qo’shilmalar hajmi anchagina. Ulardan ba’zilari osongina tarjima qilinadi va hattoki ba’zilari internatsional hamdir.Masalan: to know the wind blows-qayerga shamol esishini bilmoq. Frazeologik birlashmalar o’ziga xos valentlikka ega bo’lgan so’zlardan tashkil topgan. Bunday frazeologik birliklarning komponentlaridan biri o’zining to’g’ri ma’nosida, qolganlari metaforik ma’noda qo’llaniladi. Frazeologik birlashmalar ma’lum drajada semantic jihatdan bo’linmasdir. Frazeologik birlashmalar ma’nosi qisman o’zgargan so’zlar birikmasidir. Bu frazeologik birliklar ma’nosi ularni tashkil etuvchi so’zlarning ma’nosidan osongina anglashadi.To be at one’s wits
birlashmalarga misol bo’ladi. Shuni ta’kidlab o’tish lozimki, A.I.Smirnitskiy, Z.N.Anisimova, A.V.Kumacheva, T.N.Derbulova, N.N.Amosova, N.M.Shanskiy kabi qator tilshunoslar tomoni-dan ilgari surilgan. Frazeologizmlar klassifikatsiyalari ham o’ziga xos ahamiyatga ega N.N.Amosova tomonidan taklif etilgan frazeologizmlarning semantik klassifikatsiyaga to’xtalib o’tamiz. Komponentlardan biri yoki butun bir birikmaning maxsus m’noga egaligiga yoki ega emasligiga ko’ra frazeologik birliklar frazemalar va idiomalarga bo’linadi [23;13]. Frazemalar odatda ikki so’zdan tashkil topadi va shu komponentlardan biri ikkinchisiga bog’liq bo’lgan holda maxsus ma’noga ega bo’ladi. Masalan: small
hours da ikki komponent (hours) birinchi komponentning kontekstdan almashinadigan o’ziga xos ma’nosini tushinishda kalit vazifasini o’taydi. Buni quyidagi misollarda kuzatish mumkin: small talk, to knit one’s brows, husband’s
Frazeologizmlarning semantic xususiyatlarini o’rganish orqali ularda frazeologik polisemiya, frazeologik sinonimiya, frazeologik antonimiya va paronimiya hodisalari borligi aniqlangan. Frazeologizmlarning paradigmatik va sintagmatik xususiyatlari ularda grammatik, morfologik,sintaktik va leksik – semantik vositalar qo’llanilishini ko’rsatadi. Frazeologizmlarni variantlanishi,ularning komponentlari almashtirilishi, qo’llanilishi,tushurib qoldirilishi transformatsiya qilishga bog’liq. Grammatik,morfologik, strukturasiga ko’ra fe’llik, otlik, undovlik va ahokazo. Frazeologizmlar farqlanadi. Frazeologizmlar tarkibiga kirgan so’z turkumlari ba’zan o’zlarining mustaqil ma’nolarini yo’qotadi. Masalan; cho’ntagini qoqmoq,sichqonning ming tanga bo’lmoq, quloq bermoq, solmoq, havoga uchmoq,e’tibor bermaslik ma’nosida kabi, frazeologizmlar ayniqsa leksik-semantic jihatdan sinonimlarga juda boy. Birgina asabi buzilmoq, xafa bulmoq ma’nosida ishlatuvchi to be in a bad mood iborasi ingliz tilida 9 sinonimga ega. - to be down in the mouth - to be in a bad temper - to be in a bad humour - to be in a law spirit - to be in a dumps - to be out of humour - to be out sorts - to be out of spirits Ingliz tilida semantik jihatdan turlangan iboralar:
be healthy be sick as fit as a fiddle get sick in shape out of shape feel like a million dollars run a fever lool like a million dollars knocked out cold be all right go from bad to worse safe and sound dead as a doornail pump iron pass away work out die of broken heart
make money can afford cost an arm and leg save up give money crimes involves money ring off hold up
Regularly: day in and day out Sometimes; now and then, once a year Rarely: once in a blue moon Immediately: right away, on the spot After a short time:before long,a little bit later After a long time: at last, at long last, it’s about time, in the end Repeteadly: over and over A long time: ages Forever: for good In time: just in time, in the nick of time
Grow up Get in shape Cut off Die down Change in mutual status Be the knot Get married Change in feeling,attitude or habit Fall in love Get over Fall head over heels in love Get cold feet Get the picture Figure out get lost Make sense of put two and two together
Turn into Be dumb founded It turns out that Get lost Come true Get angry about Go by, go back Enthusiastic
Feel blue Have the time of one’s life Be in a bad mood Fall head over heels in love Be broken hearted Physically uncomfortable Be in hot water Be frozen off
As fit as a fiddle All right In shape Be healthy
Happy Safe and sound Be in seventh heaven Confused/surprised/angry Be on cloud nine Be wide wide-eyed Be on the top of the world Out of shape Feel like a million dollars Be hungry Be in a good mood Run a frever Be in love Have a stomachache Be proud of Have a great time
As cool as cucumber Be scared of one’s wits Take it eay Be scared to death Keep one’s head Be interested in Let loose Go bananas Go crazy
That takes the cake First rate As flat as a pancake Love at first sight Go bananas All at ones The icing on the cake Put two and two together
As cool as cucumber Be in the seventh heaven Be the apple of one’s eyes Be on cloud nine The skies Feel like a million dollars Be in the seventh heaven Look like a million dollars Be on top of the world
Be on cloud nine Hand smth in Once in a blue moon Give a hand Vanish into thin air Lend a hand
Rain cats and dogs Not believe one’s eyes Be a bookworm Be the apple of one’s eyes
Once in a blue moon In the public eye Paint the town red Keep one’s head Feel blue Fall head over heels Catch someone red-handed Change one’s mind Roll out red carror Have a heart of gold Give the green light Be broken hearted
Have a sweet tooth Have cold feet In one’s blood Cost an arm and leg At the top of one’s lungs Insonning ijobiy va salbiy fazilalatlarini ko’rsatuvchi iboralar He has a heart of gold. (very kind, generous) He’s as good as gold. (generous, helpful, well-behaved) She’s hard as nails as. (no sympathy for others) He’s rather a cold fish. (distant, unfriendly) He’s very quick off the mark; he is always gets things before everybody else. I was a bit slow off the mark; the job had been filled by yhe time I got the forms. Come on! Hurry up! You are a slowcoach. His-tuyg’ular va kayfiyatni ifodalovchi iboralar. Positive moods and states: Mary seems to be on cloud nine these days. (extremely pleased) Everyone seemed to be in high spirits. (lively, enjoying things) She seems to be keeping her chin up. (happy despite bad things) Joe’s as happy as the day is long. (extremely content)
He had a face as long as fiddle. (looked very depressed) She certainly looked down in the dumps. (looked depressed) Gerry is in black mood. (a bad mood) Marrin was like a bear with a sore head. (extremely irritable)
She was scared stiff. (very scared) She frightened the life out of him. (frightened him a lot) We were all shaking in our shoes. (trembling with fear) The poor lad was scared out of his wits. (very scared indead) I jumped out of my skin when I heard the bang. (dave a big jump) Phiysical feelings and states. I could eat a horse. (very hungry) I’m feeling all in. (exhausted) You are looking a bit under a weather. (not very well) She lookedand felt on top form. (in good physical condition) I suddenly felt as if my head was going round. (dizzy) Download 0.72 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: 
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