Accounting for Managers
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Accounting for Managers
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How to Speak Accounting
25 Webster01.qxd 8/29/2003 4:31 PM Page 25 26 2 T he double-entry innovation to track the increase and decrease of each part of the accounting equation (assets = liabilities + equity) made recording business transactions more manageable. There were still several complications. How do you present the information you’ve recorded? How does an Amsterdam merchant convince a Venetian banker to back the ships sailing for Java? It’s a bit impractical to drag out your set of double-entry ledgers for each of your 250 accounts. Even the general journal recording each transaction as it took place is too much. How can you structure this mass of financial infor- mation order to make a decision? Over time, the accounting profession in the United States developed a series of standards that add uniformity to financial statements. These standards are called Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP). GAAP provides a common lan- guage. The users of financial statements feel secure that the numbers in statements issued in New York can be compared with numbers issued in California. This common language of Concepts and Principles, Checks and Balances Webster02.qxd 8/29/2003 10:21 AM Page 26 Copyright 2003 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Click Here for Terms of Use. Concepts and Principles, Checks and Balances 27 accounting allows investors to make informed choices without having to learn a new set of accounting rules for each invest- ment considered. While GAAP is a constant within the United States, these principles are not discovered through scientific research. GAAP is not like the laws of physics, transgressed at peril of death. Experience, application, and observation led to general accept- ance that these principles helped meet the objectives of finan- cial accounting and reporting. In setting these standards, accountants asked the question, “What are the objectives of financial accounting information in the U.S.?” The answer was that accounting was to provide full disclosure to actual and potential investors and creditors. The United States developed a type of capitalism that brought it many individual investors. The accounting system that developed could feed those users the data needed to make informed decisions. As GAAP is the product of several committees, it’s not always internally consistent or applied uniformly. Nonetheless, GAAP represents the best collective thinking on the underlying assumptions driving the presentation of financial data. The goal is to publish the quality information needed to make meaningful decisions. These basic GAAP requirements apply to most finan- cial statements. There are other GAAP and accounting require- ments that come into play in more technical circumstances. These are appropriate subjects for advanced study. Download 3.03 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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