Accounting for Managers
Management Cost Accounting
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Accounting for Managers
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Management Cost Accounting
113 stuff comes in to replenish the raw materials stockpile. The salespeople are out moving the things into the hands of eager customers. The period ends. There are piles of stuff—some things on the floor in stages of assembly, some things in the warehouse, and some cash or accounts receivables for the things you’ve sold. You’ve also paid out a lot of cash for stuff—warehouses, machines, workers, electricity, etc. You need to know if you can do the same thing again next period. You’ll usually have a clear idea during the period about the material and labor costs, but overhead costs are often unknown until sometime after the peri- od closes. You can use a constant overhead factor to estimate overhead costs with a measure of confidence. Let’s toss some figures in here to show the end-to-end cost flow process with beginning and ending inventory balances for a Add: purchases $35,000* Raw materials inventory (RMI) beginning balance $40,000 Total available $75,000 Work in process (WIP) beginning balance $25,000* Add: production costs incurred Direct materials Direct labor Factory overhead Total manufacturing cost Less: WIP ending balance $55,000 $85,000 $60,000 $200,000 ($35,000) Total cost of goods manufactured $165,000 Cost of goods produced $190,000 Less: production raw materials cost $55,000 RMI ending balance $20,000 Inventory and cost flow process (continued on next page) Webster06.qxd 8/29/2003 5:48 PM Page 113 Accounting for Managers 114 particular accounting period (* = prior period balances): The example points to several issues that might draw man- agement attention as potentially correctable. Just-in-time (JIT) inventory procedures might be used to reduce RMI amounts: if the company buys inventory just before it’s needed in produc- tion, it can avoid sinking capital into excessive RMI. The WIP ending balance has doubled over the prior period, suggesting production efficiency questions. Finally, the FGI has almost doubled. That could mean that the sales department is not con- verting finished goods into cash fast enough. It could also mean that the company is using its production capacity effectively to stockpile for an anticipated heavy selling season. The accoun- tant’s refrain, “It depends,” echoes again. For a mercantile or retail firm, this process is the same, but without the production step. You start with FGI, add things bought during the period, and subtract what was sold; the differ- ence should be what is still on the shelves. With serviceable point-of-sale computer systems available for less than $2,000, almost every retail business can afford to manage its inventory using a perpetual inventory system. In an automated perpetual inventory system, someone with a scanner records all the stock keeping unit (SKU) barcodes of the widgets as they are delivered. The stock is put on display. As customers buy widgets, another scanner captures the SKU of each item and subtracts it from the balance in the computer. Periodically, you should take a physical inventory of the stock. Finished goods inventory (FGI) beginning balance $35,000* Add: cost of goods produced $190,000 Total goods available for sale $225,000 Less: cost of goods sold $160,000 FGI ending balance $65,000 Inventory and cost flow process (continued) Webster06.qxd 8/29/2003 5:48 PM Page 114 |
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