Management Cost Accounting
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Any differences between
the figures in the perpetual
inventory system and the
physical count falls under
the general heading of
shrinkage. The computer
count should be updated to reflect the physical count and the
difference recorded as a loss.
Inventory Costing Methods
Computers have made inventory tracking both simpler and
more accurate, but managers still have to decide how to record
inventory costs. To find the cost of goods sold and of inventory
on hand, each item must be tied to the actual cost. In this case,
GAAP allows four costing methods:
• specific unit
• weighted average
• first-in, first-out (FIFO)
• last-in, first-out (LIFO)
There are industry-specific, tax, accounting, and financial
report considerations that guide your choice.
The specific unit method values inventories at the individual
cost of each unit. This method usually makes sense with higher-
priced items, such as autos, jewelry, and airplanes.
The weighted average method arrives at the cost of fungible
Don’t Shrink from Shrinkage
Shrinkage is a cost managers will want to watch closely.The
2002 National Retail Security Survey conducted by the
University of Florida reported that shrinkage rates in 2001 averaged
1.7% of total annual retail sales.The various security devices and tags
have cut sharply into shrinkage from shoplifting: 32% of shrinkage is
through theft by customers. Sadly, most shrinkage now is through theft
by employees—48%.Wise restaurant and bar owners conduct a daily
closing inventory.The survey also reported that 15% of shrinkage is
the result of administrative errors and 5% is vendor fraud.
Shrinkage Losses of
inventory through breakage,
shoplifting, or employee
theft. Also known as inventory shortage.
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