Accounting for Managers
Debt vs. Equity Financing
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Accounting for Managers
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- Accounting for Managers 180 Debt Financing Equity Financing
- Net Operating Losses (NOL)
Debt vs. Equity Financing
In calculating taxes, corporations may deduct operating expens- es and interest expense but not dividends paid. This creates a tax advantage for using debt financing, as the following exam- ple will demonstrate. A firm with 100,000 shares outstanding needs to raise an additional $500,000 in capital. It can do so by selling bonds that pay 6% interest or by issuing 10,000 additional shares at $50/share. The firm pays $3.00 in dividends for each share out- standing. Debt financing can increase cash flow and EPS and decrease taxes paid. The tax deductibility of interest and other related expenses reduces their actual (after-tax) cost to the profitable firm. The nondeductibility of dividends paid results in double taxation under the corporate form of organization. This relative attractiveness of debt financing can lead corporations to Accounting for Managers 180 Debt Financing Equity Financing Net Operating Profit (EBIT) Less: Interest Expense Earnings Before Taxes Less: Taxes (40%) Earnings After Taxes Shares Outstanding Dividends Paid Earnings Available to Common Share Holders Earnings per Share (EPS) $1,000,000 30,000 970,000 388,000 582,000 100,000 300,000 282,000 $2.82 $1,000,000 1,000,000 400,000 600,000 110,000 330,000 270,000 $2.45 — Table 9-1. Impact of debt vs. equity financing Webster09.qxd 8/29/2003 5:53 PM Page 180 acquire high debt loads. If business enters a slump, servicing the debt load may place the company at risk of bankruptcy. Net Operating Losses (NOL) While no business eagerly seeks losses, one aspect of the tax code takes the sting out of losses. When a corporation records a net operating loss (NOL) in a business year, it can get some relief through tax loss carrybacks and/or carryforwards. The carryback/carryforward feature lets corporations with NOL carry tax losses back to profitable years and/or forward. The number of years eligible for the carryback provision depends on current tax code. The carryforward eligibility lasts for 20 years or until the NOL is made up. The law states that losses first be carried back, applying them to the earliest year allowable and progressively moving forward until the loss has been fully recovered or the carryfor- ward period has passed. The business can make an irrevocable decision to carry the losses forward and forgo the carryback provision. This election is usually made when a company suf- fers losses from the start-up phase of operations and has no prior profitable years to fall back on. Skillful management planning can take advantage of this feature of the tax code. After a profitable year, management can plan to absorb the expense of expansion or dropping an unprofitable line of busi- ness. Losses from trade or business operations, casualty and theft losses, or losses from foreign government confiscations can create a NOL. When there are NOLs from two or more years, use them on a FIFO basis. For a carryback NOL, the business must recompute taxable income and the income tax due, if any, on the revised profit figure. Based on the new calculation, the business can choose to have excess tax paid on the old profit figure refunded or applied to future tax obligations. The recalculation can be involved. For example, limitations and deductions based on adjusted gross income (AGI) and any Download 3.03 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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