Accounting for Managers
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Accounting for Managers
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- Management Cost Accounting 117
- Comparing the Benefits of LIFO and FIFO
Inventory profit The dif-
ference between gross profit figured on the FIFO basis and gross profit figured on the LIFO basis.This benefit from holding onto inventory that’s increased in value is also known as a holding gain. Webster06.qxd 8/29/2003 5:48 PM Page 116 Management Cost Accounting 117 LIFO is an example of an accounting construct that helps explain and manage costs, but is a real-world impossibility. In retail, you want to sell your oldest stock first. It probably has a sell-by date and you could be subject to a fine if you have it on your shelves beyond that date. Because of its artificial nature, LIFO is not allowed in some jurisdictions, including the U.K. and Australia, and discouraged in others, including Hong Kong. Companies that use LIFO must turn to another inventory cost method for inventories in these jurisdictions. In February 2003 the International Accounting Standards Board recommended prohibiting use of LIFO. Most countries permit FIFO and weight- ed average cost methods. Which inventory method is better? Since U.S. tax laws make it hard to change the inventory system, the choice requires close analysis. When inflation is high, most companies chose LIFO for the greater flexibility. Other companies chose FIFO since it more closely reflects real-world actions. Still others use whatever is standard in their industry. Companies have different motives for picking an inventory method. Comparing the Benefits of LIFO and FIFO LIFO best matches the current value of cost of goods sold expense to current revenue, since it uses the most recent costs to purchase that inventory. LIFO users also pay the lowest income tax when prices are rising, because LIFO results in the highest cost of goods sold and the lowest taxable income. FIFO reports the most current inventory costs on the balance sheet. FIFO results in the lowest tax payments when inventory prices are declining. During periods of inflation, FIFO overstates income by the so-called inventory profit. Under LIFO, the cost of goods sold expense more closely matches the replacement cost of inventory than does FIFO. Managers can use LIFO to manage reported income both up and down.When inventory prices rise rapidly, managers can lower net income and the resulting taxes by buying lots of inventory at year’s end, to increase the cost of goods sold expense. If the business is having a bad year, managers can increase reported income by delaying a large purchase of high-cost inventory until the next period, thus delaying an increase in the cost of goods sold expense. Webster06.qxd 8/29/2003 5:48 PM Page 117 |
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