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1994 Book DidacticsOfMathematicsAsAScien
Task or activity. Typically, a task is a text presented by someone in au-
thority (the teacher), specifying a starting point, intended to elicit a frame (a task in a sequence may assume a frame is in use), and indicating a goal state: where the transformation of signs is meant to lead. The theorization of tasks draws on Activity Theory and semiotic analyses of mathematics (e.g., Rotman, 1988) as well as cognitive science approaches. Mathematics edu- cation sources include Christiansen, Howson and Otte (1986), Cobb (1986), Mellin-Olsen (1987), Davis (1984), Skemp (1982), and Ernest (1987). From a semiotic perspective, a completed mathematical task is a sequential trans- formation of, say, n signs inscribed by the learner, implicitly derived by n-1 transformations. The first sign is a representation of the task as initially con- 346 PAUL ERNEST strued (the text as originally given, curtailed, or some other mode of repre- sentation, such as a figure); the last is a representation of the final symbolic state, intended to satisfy the goal requirements as interpreted by the learner. The rhetorical requirements of the social context determine which sign rep- resentations and which steps are acceptable. Indeed, the rhetorical mode of representation of these transformations with the final goal representation is the major focus for negotiation between learner and teacher, both during production and after the completion of the transformational sequence. Following Saussure's analysis of a sign into signifier and signified, it can be said that transformations take place on either or both of these levels of signification. Signifieds vary with interpreter and context, and are far from uniquely given. The level of signifieds is a private math-world constructed individually, although, in a degenerate activity, it may be minimal, corre- sponding to Skemp and Mellin-Olsen's notion of "instrumental understand- ing." Signifiers are represented publicly, but to signify for the learner (or teacher), they have to be attended to, perceived, and construed as symbols. The structure of a successfully completed task can be represented linearly as a text, but it does not show the complex non-linear process of its genesis. Finally, the levels of signifier and signified are relative; they are all the time in mutual interaction, shifting, reconstructing themselves. What constitutes a sign itself varies: Any teacher-set task is itself a sign, with the text as sig- nifier, and its teacher goal (and possibly frame) as signified. This theory suggests some of the multi-levelled complexity involved in a learner carrying out a mathematical activity. This includes the construction of a math-world, one or more thought experiments or "journeys" in it, and the construction of a text addressing the rhetorical demands of written mathematics in the particular social (school) context. Any such activity needs to be situated in a student's learning history in the social context of the mathematics classroom in order to situate their learning activities. Ernest (1993) provides a fuller account and an example of this theory applied to a case study of a learner. 7. CONCLUSION This theory sketch offers a synthesis combining learners' constructions of meaning with their public symbolic activities situated in the social context of school mathematics. One of the strengths of the approach is that it is able to take account of the demands of the rhetoric of school mathematics, something largely missing in research on learning, but necessitated by a so- cial constructivist view of mathematics. This concludes a brief review of the philosophy of mathematics and the didactics of mathematics. The treatment of the former is a balanced account of developments in philosophy, albeit from one perspective. However, in reviewing didactical implications, arbitrary choices have been made and personal preferences compressed into a short account. So I claim neither to 347 Aspray, W., & Kitcher, P. (Eds.). (1988). History and philosophy of modern mathematics. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press. Benecerraf, P., & Putnam, H. (Eds.). (1983). Philosophy of mathematics: Selected readings (rev. ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Bishop, A. J. (1988). Mathematical enculturation, Dordrecht, Netherlands: Kluwer. Brouwer, L. E. J. (1913). Intuitionism and formalism. Bulletin of the American Download 5.72 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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