Content I. Introduction II. Main part Approaches of Curriculum 4

The Managerial Approach

Obviously, the principal is the curriculum leader and at the same time instructional leader who is supposed to be the general manager. The general manager sets the policies and priorities, establishes the direction of change and innovation, planning, organizing curriculum, and instruction. School administrators are less concerned about the content than about organization and implementation. They are less concerned about subject matter, methods and materials than improving the curriculum. Curriculum managers look at curriculum changes and innovations as they administer the resources and restructure the schools. (Ornstein and Hunkins, 1988:77 - 80).

5. 
   The Systems Approach
   

The organizational chart of the school represents systems approach, which is influenced by Systems Theory, where the parts of the total school district or school are examined in terms of how they relate to each other. It shows the line-staff relationships of personnel and how decisions are made. The following are of equal importance: a) administration b) counseling c) curriculum d) instruction e) evaluation (Ornstein and Hunkins,1988:80 - 85).

6. 
   The Intellectual- Academic Approach
   

It identifies three fundamental factors - - the learner, the society, and the organized subject matter. It advocates that these three factors should be viewed as a whole, and not in isolation from one another. This approach has the following three sources of the curriculum: - studies of the learner; - studies of contemporary life and its needs; and - suggestions from subject experts. It also emphasizes the importance of cognitive theories and principles in curriculum planning. Finally , This approach is influenced by the
philosophy of John Dewey. It emphasizes on the importance of theories and principles in curriculum planning. (Ornstein and Hunkins ,1988:86).

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