Country Background Report – Denmark
Table 2.13 The share of immigrant students in the Folkeskole 2008-2013
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10932 OECD Country Background Report Denmark
Table 2.13 The share of immigrant students in the Folkeskole 2008-2013
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 Total number of students 597,619 594,746 590,842 578,548 580,960 574,522 Number of students from an immigrant background 62,528 63,011 62,927 61,649 62,691 61,700 Share of students from immigrant background (%) 10.5 10.6 10.7 10.7 10.8 10.7 Note: Early September figures for pre-school (form 0) to 10 th form. Figures include students in special schools and municipal youth schools. Municipal youth schools are often the organising unit for the voluntary 10 th form. Figures for September 2014 not yet available. Source: Databank of the Ministry of Education, http://statweb.uni-c.dk/databanken/uvmDataWeb/MainCategories.aspx? , EGS. Teaching in Danish as a second language is provided when necessary to bilingual chil- dren in pre-school class and in the 1 st to 9 th form (The Ministry of Education 2008). If the school leader assesses that a bilingual student needs basic instruction in Danish, 25 In Denmark, there is a parliamentary tradition for settlement (forlig). Thus, Revisions of the Folkeskole Act require agreements. 65 the student will receive teaching in a reception class, in a team or as individual instruc- tion (The Ministry of Education 2008) 26 . In general, immigrant students of a non-western background perform less well than their native peers in both PISA tests (Rangvid 2007, Rangvid 2010b) and the school leaving examinations (Houlberg, Østergaard Larsen & Rangvid 2013). Differences in socio-economic status account for only 50 per cent of the ethic test score gap (Rangvid 2007), and after controlling for socio-economic status first-generation and second- generation immigrants, respectively, achieve 1.25 and 0.75 lower average marks 27 at the school leaving exams in Danish and Mathematics than their native peers (Houl- berg, Østergaard Larsen & Rangvid 2013). Even after controlling for socio-economic status, a substantial gap for the immigrant students thus remains. 2.8 Main challenges According to the political agreement behind the 2014 reform of the Folkeskole, the academic performance of Danish primary and lower secondary education is not ranked at a sufficiently high level compared to other OECD countries to which Denmark usu- ally compares itself. According to OECD studies, the expenditures for primary and lower secondary education are relatively high in Denmark compared to other countries. In this light, a general challenge for the national level is to provide a governance framework for a more effective use of school resources. In a fiscally decentralised sys- tem like the Danish, this includes establishing a governance framework that facilitates local decision making that matches resource utilisation to the local needs and contrib- utes to the most suitable local solutions in order to improve the educational perfor- mance of the students. One of the means for achieving this in the present governance agenda is by an extended and more qualified use of performance management. The overall goal is to raise students’ academic achievement and wellbeing, especially for students with special needs. At the local level, many municipalities are challenged by demographic changes and face a continuous need for adjusting resources and school facilities to a declining number of school-aged children. At a more general level, an ongoing debate concerns the question of striking the appropriate balance between national governance and local autonomy. In line with every governance system, the governing of Danish primary and lower secondary education is continuously in search of the right balance of authority and co-operation between the three layers of governance – the national, municipal and school levels – regarding the need for ensuring implementation of national goals and 26 ’Bekendtgørelse om folkeskolens undervisning i dansk som andetsprog’ (BEK no. 690 of 20/06/2014). 27 The 7-point grading scale consists of five marks designating a passing level (12, 10, 7, 4 and 02) as well as two marks designating a non-passing level (00 and -3). See (The Ministry of Education 2008). 66 reforms in primary and lower secondary education along with the need for simultane- ously ensuring local autonomy and adaptation. The Danish system deliberately allows for diversity across municipalities regarding, for instance, how to budget and allocate the appropriate level of resources needed in the area, foresee the number of students attending private schools and foresee costs of special needs education. A relatively large proportion – based on the number of stu- dents attending special needs education – of the funds have recently been allocated to special needs education, and a national aim is to include a larger number of students with special needs in ordinary education. Presently, there is a need for more knowledge on the inclusion strategy’s consequences for student performance and well- being in the Danish context. Many teachers do not feel professionally equipped to handle the challenges associated with inclusion and feel that they need further skills, especially in relation to difficulties among students with development and attention disorders and socio-emotional difficulties. In recent years, an increased focus on effective use of resources has been on the agen- da in the municipalities. The spending for primary and lower secondary education has been reduced, and structural changes in the number and size of schools have taken place. This can be seen as a sign of improved efficiency. However, no systematic knowledge exists on the reasons for the changing resource levels and the consequences of the effectiveness of the Folkeskole in relation to the goals in the Folkeskole Act. One preliminary indicator of the reduced resource level being a result of an improve- ment in effectiveness is that the performance of Danish students in the PISA test has been fairly stable from 2006-2012, though with a poorer result in maths from 2006- 2009/2012. However, it is too soon to base any firm conclusion on this, as there will be a time delay with regard to changes in expenditure levels and student performance. Thus, no valid knowledge exists so far as to whether the increased efficiency indicated by the reduced costs of the Folkeskole is also indicative of increased effectiveness in relation to the overall goals of the Folkeskole. One of the challenges for the Danish Folkeskole at the school level is the implementa- tion of the reform of 2014 and the Act specifying the framework for utilisation of teachers’ working hours. The reform set standards for a new way of organising the school day. In this capacity, more managerial competencies are required of school leaders compared to earlier. The question is whether there is sufficient knowledge and management capacity at all levels and across levels for the implementation of such a huge reform – and whether the implementation task has been distributed in an appro- priate way across the three levels, particularly with regard to cooperation between the municipal and school level. One means to ensure implementation capacity could be competency development of teachers and schools leaders. As part of the reform, 1 bil- lion DKK has been granted for this purpose. But again no certain knowledge on the 67 effect of such competency development currently exists. A further challenge is the simultaneous implementation of the legal framework for the utilisation of working hours of the teachers. There is an ambition regarding an increased strategic use of available data, evaluation knowledge and performance information at all levels of primary and lower secondary education in order to improve quality and performance. A challenge in relation to this is the question of sufficient evaluation capacity building, i.e. whether there is suffi- cient capacity at all levels of the system to collect, systematize and utilise evaluation data for learning purposes and informed decision making. Download 1.6 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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